The Macrobiology of Sea Ice
The Macrobiology of Sea Ice
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海冰的宏观生物学
DOI：
10.1002/9780470757161.ch7
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
S. Schnack
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
S. Schnack
除了栖息着各种各样的自养生物、细菌和原生动物外，海冰也是一些后生动物的觅食地、避难所和繁殖地或育苗场。它们适应于生活在海冰或冰±水界面上，要么是永久性的原生的，要么是暂时的异地的)。一些后生动物(主要是桡足类、涡虫、线虫和轮虫)生活在海冰中，而其他一些较大的动物，如真足类和两足类，经常被发现与冰下栖息地密切相关，以海冰下面的冰藻为食(Brierley&Thomas，2002)。反过来，后生动物构成了许多顶层营养生物食物的关键成分(Ainley等人，第8章)，并且在调节来自海冰Leventer的颗粒物通量和与底-上层耦合相关的过程中是基本的，特别是在浅海陆架区域)。与水柱和间隙沉积物动物的物种丰富相比，栖息于冰层的后生动物物种数量较少，这表明存在高度专业化的动物群(Friedrich，1997；Schnack-Schiel等人，1998)。那些居住在从海水中分离出来的部分海冰上的生物必须能够忍受低于7108摄氏度的温度和三到四倍于海水的盐度。因此，只有少数物种在渐变动物群中占主导地位(表7.1)。北极和南极海冰的主要对比特征(Dieckmann&Hellmer，第1章)导致海冰对两个极地海洋后生动物的生态、生活史策略和季节动态的作用不同。南极的大部分海冰是一年一次的，而北冰洋的很大一部分是永久冻结的。因此，南极的渐近后生动物必须适应冰盖的季节性融化和增长。因此，与北极相比，南极海冰中本土后生动物物种的进化机会不那么紧迫。
Apart from harbouring a diverse group of autotrophs, bacteria and protozoans Garrison, 1991; Lizotte, Chapter 6), sea ice is also a feeding ground, refuge and breeding or nursery ground for a number of metazoans. These are adapted to live within the sea ice or at the ice±water interface, either permanently autochthonous) or only temporarily allochthonous). While some metazoans mainly copepods, turbellarians, nematodes and rotifers) live within the sea ice, others±particularly larger animals such as euphausiids and amphipods±are often found in close association with the under-ice habitat, feeding on ice algae on the underside of the sea ice floes Brierley & Thomas, 2002). In turn, the metazoans form a key component of the diet of manytop trophics' Ainley et al., Chapter 8), and are fundamental in the mediation of particulate fluxes from sea ice Leventer, Chapter 10) and processes associated with bentho-pelagic coupling, especially in shallow shelf regions.Compared to the species richness in the water column and the interstitial sediment faunas, the number of ice-inhabiting metazoan species is low, suggesting a highly specialized fauna Friedrich, 1997; Schnack-Schiel et al., 1998). Those organisms inhabiting parts of the sea ice that are isolated from sea water have to be able to tolerate temperatures below 7108C and salinities three-or four-fold that of sea water. Hence, only a few species dominate the sympagic fauna Table 7.1). The major contrasting characteristics of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice Dieckmann & Hellmer, Chapter 1) have resulted in differences in the role of sea ice for the ecology, life history strategies and seasonal dynamics of metazoans in both polar oceans. Most of the sea ice in the Antarctic is annual, whereas a significant portion of the Arctic Ocean is permanently frozen. Hence, sympagic metazoans in the Antarctic have to be adapted to the seasonal melt and growth of the ice cover. There have, therefore, been less pressing opportunities for the evolution of autochthonous metazoan species in the Antarctic sea ice compared to the Arctic.