Phenotypic Plasticity, Developmental Instability, and Robustness: The Concepts and How They Are Connected
Phenotypic Plasticity, Developmental Instability, and Robustness: The Concepts and How They Are Connected
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2019.00056
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发表时间：
2019-03-07
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Klingenberg, Christian Peter
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Klingenberg, Christian Peter
发育系统将来自不同来源的变异输入整合到由此产生的表型的可观察变异中。与这些输入相对应的表型变异的不同组成部分可以被区分开来，但系统对每个输入因素的反应可以被其他因素调节，因此这些因素之间存在相互作用。本文使用Nijhout和Davidowitz提出的目标表型的概念来指定给定的基因型和环境的预期表型，以提供关键概念的定义和解释。这一逻辑被用来探索导致波动不对称的因素。为了阐明遗传变异、表型可塑性对温度变化的反应和随机发育噪声是如何相互作用的，本研究使用了基于简化的性状发育模型的计算机模拟。模拟表明，输入因素之间存在广泛的相互作用，这可以用发展模型的非线性性质来解释。因此，所有控制发育参数的基因座最终都会影响由此产生的表型特征，以及它对温度变化的反应标准，以及它波动的不对称性。此外，温度(或可能的其他环境因素)可以影响性状值和波动的不对称量，而不涉及任何压力。该模型与实际生物系统中已知的基本一致，由此得到的结果对解释不同类型表型变异的观察结果具有深远的影响。
Developmental systems integrate inputs of variation from different origins into the observable variation of the resulting phenotype. Different components of phenotypic variation can be distinguished that correspond to those inputs, but the response of the system to each input factor can be modulated by other factors, so that there are interactions among the factors. This paper uses the concept of the target phenotype, introduced by Nijhout and Davidowitz to designate the expected phenotype for a given genotype and environment, to provide definitions and explanations of key concepts. This logic is put to use to explore the factors contributing to fluctuating asymmetry. To illustrate how genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity in response to temperature variation, and random developmental noise interact, this study uses computer simulations based on a simplified developmental model of a trait. The simulations show extensive interactions among the input factors, which can be explained by the non-linear nature of the developmental model. As a result, all the loci that control the developmental parameters end up affecting the resulting phenotypic trait, its reaction norm in response to temperature changes, and also its fluctuating asymmetry. Further, temperature (or possibly other environmental factors) can affect both trait values and the amount of fluctuating asymmetry without any involvement of stress. The model is broadly consistent with what is known from actual biological systems, and the results obtained from it have far-reaching implications for interpreting observations of the different types of phenotypic variation.