Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: Unleaded petrol and urban lead
Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: Unleaded petrol and urban lead
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DOI：
10.1016/s1352-2310(97)00101-5
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发表时间：
1997-09-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Vadset, M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
deMiguel, E;Llamas, JF;Vadset, M
街道粉尘的元素组成、分布模式和可能的来源并不是所有城市环境都有的，但根据每个城市的特点而有所不同。1990至1994年间，通过在西班牙马德里和挪威奥斯陆这两个截然不同的城市进行的一系列研究，研究了街道灰尘来源和性质的共同特征和不同之处。1994年夏天在挪威首都进行了最全面的抽样活动。覆盖奥斯陆市中心大部分地区和城市以北的一些居民区的14公里(2)区域被划分为1公里(2)个测绘单元，并从每个街道和道路收集了16个约150克的采样增量。对小于100目的馏分进行酸消化，用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICPMS)进行分析。对结果的统计分析表明，街道灰尘中的化学元素可分为三类：“城市”元素(Ba、Cd、Co、Cu、Mg、Pb、Sb、Ti、Zn)、“天然”元素(Al、Ga、La、Mn、Na、SR、Th、Y)和混合来源或在其原始来源上发生了地球化学变化的元素(Ca、Cs、Fe、Mo、Ni、Rb、SR、U)。土壤再悬浮和/或活化似乎是“天然”元素的最重要来源，而“城市”元素主要来自交通和建筑材料的风化和腐蚀。铅的数据似乎证明，作为汽车燃料的铅逐渐从有铅汽油转向无铅汽油，导致100亩以下粉尘中铅浓度几乎成比例下降。这一事实和铅在城市中的空间分布有力地表明，除交通以外的铅源(即多年来在城市土壤中积累的铅)对城市街道灰尘的贡献即使不是更大，也可能是同样多的。(C)1997年爱思唯尔科学有限公司。
The elemental composition, patterns of distribution and possible sources of street dust are not common to all urban environments, but vary according to the peculiarities of each city. The common features and dissimilarities in the origin and nature of street dust were investigated through a series of studies in two widely different cities, Madrid (Spain) and Oslo (Norway), between 1990 and 1994. The most comprehensive sampling campaign was carried out in the Norwegian capital during the summer of 1994. An area of 14 km(2), covering most of downtown Oslo and some residential districts to the north of the city, was divided into 1 km(2) mapping units, and 16 sampling increments of approximately 150 g were collected from streets and roads in each of them. The fraction below 100 mu m was acid-digested and analysed by ICP-MS. Statistical analyses of the results suggest that chemical elements in street dust can be classified into three groups: ''urban'' elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Mg, Pb, Sb, Ti, Zn), ''natural'' elements (Al, Ga, La, Mn, Na, Sr, Th, Y) and elements of a mixed origin or which have undergone geochemical changes from their original sources (Ca, Cs, Fe, Mo, Ni, Rb, Sr, U). Soil resuspension and/or mobilisation appears to be the most important source of ''natural'' elements, while ''urban'' elements originate primarily from traffic and from the weathering and corrosion of building materials. The data for Pb seem to prove that the gradual shift from leaded to unleaded petrol as fuel for automobiles has resulted in an almost proportional reduction in the concentration of Pb in dust particles under 100 mu m. This fact and the spatial distribution of Pb in the city strongly suggest that lead sources other than traffic (i.e. lead accumulated in urban soil over the years) may contribute as much lead, if not more, to urban street dust. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.