Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic
Origins of HIV and the AIDS Pandemic
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DOI：
10.1101/cshperspect.a006841
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发表时间：
2011-09-01
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Hahn, Beatrice H.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Sharp, Paul M.;Hahn, Beatrice H.
人类获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）是由两种慢病毒引起的，即人类免疫缺陷病毒1型和2型（HIV-1和HIV-2）。在这里，我们描述了这些病毒的起源和演变，以及导致艾滋病大流行的情况。这两种HIV都是自然感染非洲灵长类的猿免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）多次跨物种传播的结果。这些转移中的大多数导致病毒在人类中传播的程度有限。然而，在喀麦隆东南部的一次涉及黑猩猩SIVcpz的传播事件中，引起了HIV-1 M组--艾滋病大流行的主要原因。我们讨论了宿主限制因素如何塑造了新的SIV人畜共患病的出现施加适应性障碍，跨物种传播和/或二次传播。我们还表明，艾滋病很可能在艾滋病毒出现之前很久就已经折磨了黑猩猩。追踪SIV从猴子到猿以及从猿到人类的遗传变化提供了一个新的框架，以检查成功的宿主转换的要求，并评估未来的人畜共患病风险。
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans is caused by two lentiviruses, human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Here, we describe the origins and evolution of these viruses, and the circumstances that led to the AIDS pandemic. Both HIVs are the result of multiple cross-species transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) naturally infecting African primates. Most of these transfers resulted in viruses that spread in humans to only a limited extent. However, one transmission event, involving SIVcpz from chimpanzees in southeastern Cameroon, gave rise to HIV-1 group M-the principal cause of the AIDS pandemic. We discuss how host restriction factors have shaped the emergence of new SIV zoonoses by imposing adaptive hurdles to cross-species transmission and/or secondary spread. We also show that AIDS has likely afflicted chimpanzees long before the emergence of HIV. Tracing the genetic changes that occurred as SIVs crossed from monkeys to apes and from apes to humans provides a new framework to examine the requirements of successful host switches and to gauge future zoonotic risk.