Syringomyelia: determining risk and protective factors in the conformation of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel dog.
Syringomyelia: determining risk and protective factors in the conformation of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel dog.
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DOI：
10.1186/2052-6687-1-9
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发表时间：
2014-01-01
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Rusbridge, Clare
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mitchell, Thomas J;Knowler, Susan P;Rusbridge, Clare
背景技术背景：脊髓空洞症（SM）是一种疼痛的神经系统疾病，在短头玩具犬中普遍存在，包括骑士查理王犬（CKCS）。在这些品种中，SM通常继发于Chiari样畸形（CM）。在科学界和兽医界一直存在很多争论，头部形状在多大程度上指示任何一种病理，特别是人类的某些颅缝早闭综合征（与CM高度相关）具有特征性的面部和颅骨形态。阐明一个风险形态将允许选择远离这些性状，并提供进一步的育种准则的条件。狗在多个国家进行了测量，通过一个标准化的骨性标志测量协议和照片分析盲，训练有素的research.RESULTS：结果发现两个显着的风险因素的构象的CKCS：brachycephaly和分布的颅骨的程度。该研究发现，在3岁、5岁以及将5岁以上SM明确个体样本与3岁以下受影响个体进行比较时，尾部分布的颅骨数量（相对于喙部分布的数量）更大，可以显著防止空洞发育。头指数降低（减少短头畸形）在后一水平具有显著保护作用。头指数和尾颅分布呈负相关，线性关系。头部指数表现出积极的线性关系，圆顶的head.CONCLUSIONS：这项研究提出了一个风险表型的brachycephaly所产生的rostrocaudal圆顶，更rostrally分布，因此倾斜尾部。本研究的结果可能允许选择对风险方面的构象在CKCS结合英国兽医协会/养犬俱乐部CM/SM计划，使CM/SM的发病率降低。进一步的研究将这种外部风险表型与MRI上的内部表现进行比较，将确定这些特征如何指示空洞发育。利用品种，其中CM自由个人更可用，可以允许验证这种风险表型CM或确定替代品。
BACKGROUND: Syringomyelia (SM) is a painful neurological condition, prevalent in brachycephalic toy breeds including the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS). In these breeds, SM is typically secondary to Chiari-like Malformation (CM). There has been much debate in the scientific and veterinary communities to what extent head shape is indicative of either pathology, especially as certain craniosynostosis syndromes in humans (highly associated with CM) have characteristic facial and cranial morphologies. Elucidating a risk morphology would allow for selection away from these traits and proffer further breeding guidelines for the condition. Dogs were measured in multiple countries by means of a standardised bony landmark measuring protocol and photo analysis by blinded, trained researchers.RESULTS: The results found two significant risk factors in the conformation of the CKCS: extent of brachycephaly and distribution of cranium. The study identified a greater amount of cranium distributed caudally (relative to the amount distributed rostrally) to be significantly protective against syrinx development at the levels of three years of age, five years of age and when comparing a sample of SM clear individuals over the age of five to those affected younger than three years of age. A decreased cephalic index (decreasing brachycephaly) was significantly protective at the latter level. Cephalic index and caudal cranium distribution exhibited a negative, linear relationship. Cephalic index demonstrated a positive linear relationship with the amount of doming of the head.CONCLUSIONS: This study proposes a risk phenotype of brachycephaly with resulting rostrocaudal doming that is more rostrally distributed and hence sloping caudally. The results of this study may allow for selection against risk aspects of conformation in the CKCS in combination with the British Veterinary Association/Kennel Club CM/SM scheme to enable reduction in CM/SM incidence. Further research comparing this external risk phenotype to the internal presentation upon MRI would determine how these features are indicative of syrinx development. Utilising breeds in which CM free individuals are more available may allow for validation of this risk phenotype for CM or determine alternatives.