Prevalence and distribution of fecal indicator organisms in South Florida beach sand and preliminary assessment of health effects associated with beach sand exposure
Prevalence and distribution of fecal indicator organisms in South Florida beach sand and preliminary assessment of health effects associated with beach sand exposure
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DOI：
10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.04.016
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发表时间：
2007-09-01
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Rogerson, Andrew
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bonilla, Tonya D.;Nowosielski, Kara;Rogerson, Andrew
定期监测南佛罗里达州近岸水域的粪便指标水平，以评估休闲海滩的微生物污染情况。然而，来自冲浪区和上海滩的沙子样本并未受到监测，这令人惊讶，因为沙子可能会积聚并藏匿粪便来源的生物体。这项研究检查了受潮汐影响的海滩沙子和上层海滩沙子中粪便指示生物的流行情况，并将这些计数与水中的水平进行了比较。由于沙子中的指示生物相对于水中的统计含量较高，因此该研究还考虑了与海滩使用和接触沙子相关的潜在健康风险。粪大肠菌群、大肠杆菌、肠球菌。在两年的时间内，从南佛罗里达州三个海滩（劳德代尔堡海滩、好莱坞海滩和霍比海滩）的沙子和水中对体细胞大肠杆菌噬菌体和 F+ 特异性大肠杆菌噬菌体进行了计数。与 100 毫升水样相比，100 克海滩沙样中的细菌浓度始终更高（湿沙中的 2-23 倍，干沙中的 30-460 倍）。体细胞大肠杆菌噬菌体通常从沙子和水中回收，而 F+ 特异性大肠杆菌噬菌体则不太常见。播种实验表明，海鸥粪便的单个样本显着影响了约 3.1 m(2) 海滩沙中的肠球菌水平。在微空间尺度上对海滩沙子的检查表明，短距离内肠球菌密度的变化相当大。多元线性回归分析的结果表明，本研究中监测的物理和化学参数只能最低限度地解释观察到的指示剂密度的变化。进行了一项试点流行病学研究，以检查接触海滩水和沙子的时间是否与健康风险相关。逻辑回归分析结果提供了初步证据，表明在湿沙中度过的时间和在水中度过的时间与胃肠道疾病的剂量依赖性增加有关。 (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. 保留所有权利。
Fecal indicator levels in nearshore waters of South Florida are routinely monitored to assess microbial contamination at recreational beaches. However, samples of sand from the surf zone and upper beach are not monitored which is surprising since sand may accumulate and harbor fecal-derived organisms. This study examined the prevalence of fecal indicator organisms in tidally-affected beach sand and in upper beach sand and compared these counts to levels in the water. Since indicator organisms were statistically elevated in sand relative to water, the study also considered the potential health risks associated with beach use and exposure to sand. Fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci. somatic coliphages, and F+-specific coliphages were enumerated from sand and water at three South Florida beaches (Ft. Lauderdale Beach, Hollywood Beach, and Hobie Beach) over a 2-year period. Bacteria were consistently more concentrated in 100 g samples of beach sand (2-23 fold in wet sand and 30-460 fold in dry sand) compared to 100 ml samples of water. Somatic coliphages were commonly recovered from both sand and water while F+-specific coliphages were less commonly detected. Seeding experiments revealed that a single specimen of gull feces significantly influenced enterococci levels in some 3.1 m(2) of beach sand. Examination of beach sand on a micro-spatial scale demonstrated that the variation in enterococci density over short distances was considerable. Results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the physical and chemical parameters monitored in this study could only minimally account for the variation observed in indicator densities. A pilot epidemiological study was conducted to examine whether the length of exposure to beach water and sand could be correlated with health risk. Logistic regression analysis results provided preliminary evidence that time spent in the wet sand and time spent in the water were associated with a dose-dependent increase in gastrointestinal illness. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.