A Developmental Study on Children's Capacity to Ascribe Goals and Intentions to Others
A Developmental Study on Children's Capacity to Ascribe Goals and Intentions to Others
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DOI：
10.1037/a0033375
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发表时间：
2014-02-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Rizzolatti, Giacomo
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Bello, Arianna;Sparaci, Laura;Rizzolatti, Giacomo
将目标和意图归因于他人的能力是儿童认知发展的基本步骤。本研究的目的是评估典型发育儿童获得这些能力的年龄。进行了两个实验。在第一个实验中，向 4 组儿童（年龄范围 = 3 岁 2 个月至 7 岁 11 个月）展示了代表手部物体交互的图片，并询问他们正在做什么（什么任务）以及为什么（为什么要执行任务）。在“为什么”任务中，观察到的握力可以与对该物体执行的最典型的动作一致（例如，在杯子的情况下喝水），也可以与收起物体的动作相对应。在第二个实验中，孩子们看到的图片显示了一个手柄，或者在暗示该物体最典型用途的背景下，或者它被收起来。结果显示，到 3-4 岁时，儿童能够陈述所观察到的运动行为的目标相关性（理解什么），而报告其背后的意图（为什么理解）的能力是后来逐渐获得的，在 6-7 岁时达到高水平。这些结果除了其内在价值外，还为与发育障碍研究进行比较提供了重要的基线，也强调了区分理解内容和原因的相关性。
The capacity to ascribe goals and intentions to others is a fundamental step in child cognitive development. The aim of the present study was to assess the age at which these capabilities are acquired in typically developing children. Two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, 4 groups of children (age range = 3 years 2 months-7 years 11 months) were shown pictures representing hand-object interactions and asked what the individual was doing (what task) and why (why task). In the why task, observed handgrip could be either congruent with the most typical action performed with that object (e.g., to drink in the case of a mug) or corresponding to the act of putting away the object. In the second experiment, children saw pictures showing a handgrip either within a context suggesting the most typical use of the object or its being put away. Results showed that by 3-4 years, children are able to state the goal relatedness of an observed motor act (what understanding), whereas the ability to report the intention underlying it (why understanding) is a later and gradual acquisition, reaching a high performance by 6-7 years. These results, besides their intrinsic value, provide an important baseline for comparisons with studies on developmental disorders, also highlighting the relevance of distinguishing what and why understanding.