Using GIS and historical records to reconstruct residential exposure to large-scale pesticide application
Using GIS and historical records to reconstruct residential exposure to large-scale pesticide application
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.jea.7500205
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发表时间：
2002-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Rudel, RA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Brody, JG;Vorhees, DJ;Rudel, RA
农药对人类健康影响的调查取决于良好的接触措施。需要历史暴露数据来研究涉及长潜伏期的健康结果，如癌症，以及与暴露时间有关的其他结果。在流行病学研究时收集的环境或生物样本可能不能代表历史暴露水平。为了研究马萨诸塞州科德角居民农药暴露与乳腺癌之间的关系，将农药使用的历史记录整合到地理信息系统（GIS）中，以估计1948年至1995年间大规模农药使用的暴露。数据库中包括有关舞毒蛾和其他树木/植物虫害防治、蔓越莓沼泽栽培、其他农业、蚊虫防治、娱乐草坪管理和路权维护的农药使用信息。居住在农药使用区内或附近的居民可能因飘移和挥发而吸入农药，也可能在施用农药时或以后几年因农药沉积在土壤中、在作物中积累或迁移到地下水中而通过皮肤接触和摄入农药。研究人员制定了程序，利用地理信息系统来估计过去40年来每个研究对象在科德角地址的相对暴露强度，同时考虑到当地气象数据、住所到农药使用源区域的距离和方向、源区域的大小、地面或空中方法的施用以及所施用农药的持久性或非持久性特征。所得的个人水平相对暴露强度估计可与访谈数据结合使用，以便在流行病学研究中获得更完整的暴露评估。虽然该数据库可以改进涉及农药的环境流行病学研究，但它同时也说明了无法填补的重要数据空白。诸如此类的研究有可能确定可预防的疾病原因并指导公共政策。
Investigation of pesticide impacts on human health depends on good measures of exposure. Historical exposure data are needed to study health outcomes, such as cancer, that involve long latency periods, and other outcomes that are a function of the timing of exposure. Environmental or biological samples collected at the time of epidemiologic study may not represent historical exposure levels. To study the relationship between residential exposure to pesticides and breast cancer on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, historical records of pesticide use were integrated into a geographic information system (GIS) to estimate exposures from large-scale pesticide applications between 1948 and 1995. Information on pesticide use for gypsy moth and other tree/vegetative pest control, cranberry bog cultivation, other agriculture, mosquito control, recreational turf management, and rights-of-way maintenance is included in the database. Residents living within or near pesticide use areas may be exposed through inhalation due to drift and volatilization and through dermal contact and ingestion at the time of application or in later years from pesticides that deposit on soil, accumulate in crops, or migrate to groundwater. Procedures were developed to use the GIS to estimate the relative intensity of past exposures at each study subject's Cape Cod addresses over the past 40 years, taking into account local meteorological data, distance and direction from a residence to a pesticide use source area, size of the source area, application by ground-based or aerial methods, and persistent or nonpersistent character of the pesticide applied. The resulting individual-level estimates of relative exposure intensity can be used in conjunction with interview data to obtain more complete exposure assessment in an epidemiologic study. While the database can improve environmental epidemiological studies involving pesticides, it simultaneously illustrates important data gaps that cannot be filled. Studies such as this one have the potential to identify preventable causes of disease and guide public policies.