A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel)
A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel)
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0806030105
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发表时间：
2008-11-18
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Belfer-Cohen, Anna
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Grosman, Leore;Munro, Natalie D.;Belfer-Cohen, Anna
黎凡特南部的纳图夫人（距今15,000-11,500 cal BP）经历了显著的社会经济变化，这与定居主义的开始和从觅食向农业生活方式的转变有关。在以色列希拉松塔奇提特（Hilazon Tachtit）这个有12000年历史的纳图夫洞穴遗址的挖掘工作中，发现了一个坟墓，为研究必然伴随着这些社会经济变化的意识形态转变提供了难得的机会。这座坟墓是专门为一位娇小、年老、残疾的妇女建造的，并配有特殊的祭品。墓葬包括50个完整的乌龟壳和野猪、鹰、牛、豹和两只貂的部分身体，以及一个完整的人脚。埋葬仪式和用于建造和密封坟墓的方法表明，这是一个萨满的葬礼，从考古记录中已知的最早的萨满之一。这种葬礼的几个特征后来成为世界范围内人类文化精神舞台的中心。
The Natufians of the southern Levant (15,000-11,500 cal BP) underwent pronounced socioeconomic changes associated with the onset of sedentism and the shift from a foraging to farming lifestyle. Excavations at the 12,000-year-old Natufian cave site, Hilazon Tachtit (Israel), have revealed a grave that provides a rare opportunity to investigate the ideological shifts that must have accompanied these socioeconomic changes. The grave was constructed and specifically arranged for a petite, elderly, and disabled woman, who was accompanied by exceptional grave offerings. The grave goods comprised 50 complete tortoise shells and select body-parts of a wild boar, an eagle, a cow, a leopard, and two martens, as well as a complete human foot. The interment rituals and the method used to construct and seal the grave suggest that this is the burial of a shaman, one of the earliest known from the archaeological record. Several attributes of this burial later become central in the spiritual arena of human cultures worldwide.