Fair and Transparent Blockchain Based Tendering Framework - A Step Towards Open Governance
Fair and Transparent Blockchain Based Tendering Framework - A Step Towards Open Governance
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DOI：
10.1109/trustcom/bigdatase.2018.00185
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发表时间：
2018-05
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Freya Sheer Hardwick;Raja Naeem Akram;K. Markantonakis
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文献类型：
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作者：
Freya Sheer Hardwick;Raja Naeem Akram;K. Markantonakis
在社会不断转型以跟上技术进步的时候，我们看到传统的范式受到越来越多的挑战。治理的基本原则就是这样一种范式。随着社会价值观的转变，人们对政府的期望也从传统模式转变为通常所说的“开放治理”。虽然这是一个有争议的术语，但我们认为开放治理意味着一个概念，它鼓励和促进公开、问责和对公民的回应。对于开放治理倡议的成功，有一些技术是至关重要的，比如互联网。这些技术既可以访问数据，也可以访问公民和政府之间的互动活动。还有其他技术，如区块链和智能联系人，可以用来帮助开放治理。一个合理的起点应该是从一个由政府根据自己的意愿乏味地发布信息的系统，转向一个以强有力的诚信、不可否认性和证据保证来捕捉关键行动的基础设施。由于增加了一个便于这些行动的维度，记录可以近乎实时地供公众审查。捕捉此类行为的一项候选技术是区块链。最初，区块链主要用于促进加密货币作为交易记录。一个值得注意的例子是比特币。然而，近年来，区块链效用正通过智能合同得到认可--这可能是实现公开和透明政府活动的重要组成部分。本文将智能合同的概念应用到政府招标活动中。拟议的计划以智能合约为基础，使政府招标计划公平、透明和可独立核实(可审计)。然后在Etherum平台上实施该方案，以评估性能和财务成本影响，以及对潜在的安全和可审计性挑战的评估。
At a time when society is in constant transition to keep up with technological advancement, we are seeing traditional paradigms being increasingly challenged. The fundamentals of governance are one such paradigm. As society’s values have shifted, so have expectations of government shifted from the traditional model to something commonly referred to as ‘open governance’. Though a disputed term, we take open governance to mean a concept, which encourages and facilitates openness, accountability, and responsiveness to citizens. For the success of open governance initiatives, there are some technologies, such as the internet, that are crucial. These technologies enable access to both the data and to engagement activities between citizens and government. There are also other technologies, like blockchain and smart contacts, which could be utilised to assist open governance. A sound starting point would be moving from a system where information is tediously released by a government, on an ‘as they please’ basis, to an infrastructure where critical actions are captured with strong integrity, non-repudiation and evidential guarantees. With an added dimension that facilitates these actions record be accessible to public scrutiny in near realtime. One candidate technology for capturing such actions is blockchain. Initially, blockchains were mainly used to facilitate cryptocurrencies as a record of transactions. The notable example being bitcoin. However, in recent years, blockchains utility is being recognised through smart contracts - potentially a vital building block to realising open and transparent government activities. In this paper, we employ the concept of smart contracts to government tendering activities. The proposed scheme is based on smart contracts, enabling a fair, transparent and independently verifiable (auditable) government tendering scheme. The scheme is then implemented on the Ethereum platform to evaluate the performance and financial cost implications, along with an evaluation of the potential security and auditability challenges.