Clays and bodies for ceramic tiles: Reappraisal and technological classification
Clays and bodies for ceramic tiles: Reappraisal and technological classification
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DOI：
10.1016/j.clay.2014.01.013
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发表时间：
2014-07-01
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
Zanelli, Chiara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Dondi, Michele;Raimondo, Mariarosa;Zanelli, Chiara
瓷砖行业是一个充满活力的行业，其技术创新和市场趋势描绘了一幅复杂的产品和工艺图景。原材料已经深度参与了这一演变：当前制造周期的灵活性使人们能够使用非常广泛的粘土，其化学和矿物组成、粒度分布和陶瓷性能得到了重新评估。经典的参考模型不再能够正确地描述和预测粘土在制砖中的作用。为了填补这一空白，提出了一种面向行业的粘土原料技术分类，其依据是化学成分(Fe_2O_3含量)、矿物学参数(层状硅酸盐和碳酸盐的数量)、粒度(级配63微米)和可塑性(亚甲蓝指数和阿特伯格塑性指数)。它首先根据3%的氧化铁阈值区分轻烧粘土和暗烧粘土。轻烧粘土的区别在于高岭石族矿物的数量和“高岭土”(高品位、低品位和未加工的高岭土、高岭土矿仓)和“塑性粘土”(球状粘土、叶蜡质粘土、白色膨润土)中的可塑性；三类球状粘土的可塑性越来越高。根据碳酸盐含量较高的粘土类型(碳酸盐粘土和碳酸盐粘土)、红色粘土和红色粘土，对暗烧粘土进行了粗粒含量和数量的划分；根据粘土矿物的相对丰度进一步区分了这些粘土。这种分类对于制定车身配方指南和解释每一类瓷砖在工业实践中遵循的标准是必不可少的。讨论了用于多孔砖、玻璃化和半玻璃化红石器、玻璃化灯体的配料设计的关键性能。粘土分类和坯体配方指南都旨在为评估陶瓷潜力和正确使用粘土材料提供最新工具，但它们不能替代充分模拟工业加工的充分的技术表征。(C)2014爱思唯尔B.V.保留所有权利。
The ceramic tile industry is a dynamic sector whose technological innovation and market trends have drawn a complex picture of products and processes. Raw materials have been deeply involved in such an evolution: the flexibility of current manufacturing cycles enables the use of a very wide range of clays, whose chemical and mineralogical composition, particle size distribution and ceramic properties were reappraised. The classical reference schemes are no longer able to properly describe and predict the role of clays in tilemaking. In order to fill this gap, an industry-oriented, technological classification of clay raw materials is proposed on the basis of chemical (Fe2O3 content) and mineralogical parameters (amount of phyllosilicates and carbonates) together with particle size (fractions 63 mu m) and plasticity (methylene blue index and Atterberg plastic index). It firstly discriminates light-firing and dark-firing clays according to an iron oxide threshold of 3%. Light-firing clays are distinguished by the amount of kaolinite group minerals and plasticity in "kaolins" (high-grade, low-grade, and raw kaolins, kaolinitic barns) and "plastic clays" (ball clays, pyrophyllitic clays, white bentonites); the distinction of three classes of ball clays with increasing plasticity is envisaged. Dark-firing clays are classified according to coarse-grained fraction and amount of carbonates in carbonate-rich types (manly and carbonatic clays), red barns and red clays; these latter are furtherly differentiated by the relative abundance of clay minerals. Such a classification is essential to draw the guidelines for body formulation and to explain the criteria followed in the industrial practice for each category of ceramic tiles. Key properties are discussed to design batches for porous tiles, vitrified and semi-vitrified red stoneware, and vitrified light-firing bodies. Both the clay classification and the guidelines to body formulation are intended to provide up-to-date tools to assess the ceramic potential and correct use in tilemaking of clay materials, but they cannot substitute a throroughful technological characterization, adequately simulating the industrial processing. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.