PATTERNS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN EXPERIMENTALLY CREATED "SOCIAL CLIMATES"
PATTERNS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN EXPERIMENTALLY CREATED "SOCIAL CLIMATES"
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DOI：
10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366
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发表时间：
1939-05-01
影响因子：
2.1
通讯作者：
White, Ralph K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Lewin, Kurt;Lippitt, Ronald;White, Ralph K.
本报告是对一系列群体生活实验研究的一个阶段的初步总结，这些研究的目的是用科学的方法来解决下列问题：对权威的反抗、对替罪羊的迫害、对权威统治的冷漠顺从或对外群体的攻击等不同群体行为模式的基础是什么？在亚群体结构、群体分层以及以自我为中心和以群体为中心的目标的效力方面，有多少差异可以作为预测不同群体氛围的社会结果的标准？民主的群体生活不是更令人愉快，而威权主义的群体生活不是更有效率吗？今天，对于这类问题，“固执己见”的答案五花八门，因此，科学的答案就显得尤为必要。用实验方法来研究群体生活现象显然会给创造和科学控制带来许多困难，但这种方法的成果似乎弥补了增加的实验问题。在第一个实验中，Lippitt组织了两个10岁儿童俱乐部，让他们参加为期三个月的戏剧面具制作活动。同一名成年领导人改变了他的领导哲学，以独裁的方式领导一个俱乐部，以民主的方式领导另一个俱乐部，同时由四名观察员进行了详细的观察。这项研究，在其他地方有详细的报道(6)，提出了更多的假设而不是答案，并导致了White和Lippitt的第二次和更广泛的一系列实验。与以往一样，在自愿的基础上，组织了4个新的0岁男生社团，社团活动的多样性得到了扩展，有4个不同的成人领导参加。除了专制和民主程序的变量之外，还增加了第三个变量，即“自由放任”，即没有成年人参与的群体生活。在不同的“社会环境”下，研究了各社团的行为
The present report is a preliminary summary on one phase of a series of experimental studies of group life which has as its aim a scientific approach to such questions as the following: What underlies such differing patterns of group behavior as rebellion against authority, persecution of a scapegoat, apathetic submissiveness to authoritarian domination, or attack upon an outgroup P How many differences in subgroup structure, group stratification, and potency of ego-centered and group-centered goals be utilized as criteria for predicting the social resultants of different group atmospheres? Is not democratic group life more pleasant, but authoritarianism more efficient? These are the sorts of questions to which" opinionated" answers are many and varied today, and to which scientific answers, are, on that account, all the more necessary. An experimental approach to the phenomena of group life obviously raises many difficulties of creation and scientific control, but the fruitfulness of the method seems to compensate for the added experimental problems. In the first experiment Lippitt organized two clubs of 10-year-old children, who engaged in the activity of theatrical mask-making for a period of three months. The same adult leader, changing his philosophy of leadership, led one club in an authoritarian manner and the other club in accordance with democratic techniques, while detailed observations were made by four observers. This study, reported in detail elsewhere (6), suggested more hypotheses than answers and led to a second and more extensive series of experiments by White and Lippitt. Four new clubs of lO-year-old boys were organized, on a voluntary basis as before, the variety of club activities was extended, while four different adult leaders participated. To the variables of authoritarian and democratic procedure was added a third, U laissez-jaire" or group life without adult participation.. Also the behavior of each club was studied in different" social eli-