The development of the neural crest in the human
The development of the neural crest in the human
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1469-7580.2007.00773.x
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发表时间：
2007-09-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Mueller, Fabiola
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
O'Rahilly, Ronan;Mueller, Fabiola
在对185个连续切片的分期胚胎进行调查后，借助图形重建，首次对人类的神经脊进行了系统的描述。确定了多达14个冠部的命名地形亚区，其中8个是神经节的起源(表2)。在人类身上的重大发现包括以下几点。(1)中脑神经隆起的迹象在第9期已经可见，而三叉神经、面神经和后脑成分在第10期就能被检测到。(2)在间脑2水平上没有观察到隆起。虽然耳垂前的隆起最初是连续的(第10期)，但在第1、3和5号神经体连接处很快就可以观察到无脊的区域(第11期)。(3)在神经体连接处的神经皱折开始向外迁移，在嘴神经孔关闭之前，脊细胞不会聚集在神经管上方。(4)三叉神经节、面神经节、舌咽神经节和迷走神经节在神经皱褶融合前由向外移行的脊神经节发育而来，在皱褶融合后继续接受神经管顶板的贡献。(5)鼻脊和终末-犁鼻复合体是颅脊最后出现的部分(在第13阶段)，它们持续的时间更长。(6)视、中脑、峡部、副和舌下沟不形成神经节。颈神经节1较早从神经脊分离，不是Froriep神经节。(7)起源于神经沟的脑神经节与个体神经节有特定的关系，菱形神经节是比耳原基更好的标志，耳原基在第9-14期下降。(8)咽弓的咽上咽胎盘参与了颅神经节的形成，但1弓的上咽胎头并不典型。(9)在第12期，从6号和7号菱形肌向咽弓3移行至动脉干的神经峰，在人类中首次被确定为心峰。(10)舌下脊提供伴随肌瘤1-4的细胞，并在第13和14期形成舌下细胞索。(11)枕脊与人类的体节1-4有关，主要不同于脊髓，因为它不发育神经节。(12)脊的枕部和脊部向腹背部移动，在硬骨膜分化成疏松致密带之前横穿硬骨膜。(13)列举同眼症和无脑畸形的胚胎实例，强调神经脊在脑神经节和颅骨发育中的作用。
The first systematic account of the neural crest in the human has been prepared after an investigation of 185 serially sectioned staged embryos, aided by graphic reconstructions. As many as fourteen named topographical subdivisions of the crest were identified and eight of them give origin to ganglia (Table 2). Significant findings in the human include the following. (1) An indication of mesencephalic neural crest is discernible already at stage 9, and trigeminal, facial, and postotic components can be detected at stage 10. (2) Crest was not observed at the level of diencephalon 2. Although pre-otic crest from the neural folds is at first continuous (stage 10), crest-free zones are soon observable (stage 11) in Rh.1, 3, and 5. (3) Emigration of cranial neural crest from the neural folds at the neurosomatic junction begins before closure of the rostral neuropore, and later crest cells do not accumulate above the neural tube. (4) The trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal ganglia, which develop from crest that emigrates before the neural folds have fused, continue to receive contributions from the roof plate of the neural tube after fusion of the folds. (5) The nasal crest and the terminalis-vomeronasal complex are the last components of the cranial crest to appear (at stage 13) and they persist longer. (6) The optic, mesencephalic, isthmic, accessory, and hypoglossal crest do not form ganglia. Cervical ganglion 1 is separated early from the neural crest and is not a Froriep ganglion. (7) The cranial ganglia derived from neural crest show a specific relationship to individual neuromeres, and rhombomeres are better landmarks than the otic primordium, which descends during stages 9-14. (8) Epipharyngeal placodes of the pharyngeal arches contribute to cranial ganglia, although that of arch 1 is not typical. (9) The neural crest from rhombomeres 6 and 7 that migrates to pharyngeal arch 3 and from there rostrad to the truncus arteriosus at stage 12 is identified here, for the first time in the human, as the cardiac crest. (10) The hypoglossal crest provides cells that accompany those of myotomes 1-4 and form the hypoglossal cell cord at stages 13 and 14. (11) The occipital crest, which is related to somites 1-4 in the human, differs from the spinal mainly in that it does not develop ganglia. (12) The occipital and spinal portions of the crest migrate dorsoventrad and appear to traverse the sclerotomes before the differentiation into loose and dense zones in the latter. (13) Embryonic examples of synophthalmia and anencephaly are cited to emphasize the role of the neural crest in the development of cranial ganglia and the skull.