FIREbox: Simulating galaxies at high dynamic range in a cosmological volume
FIREbox: Simulating galaxies at high dynamic range in a cosmological volume
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DOI：
10.1093/mnras/stad1205
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发表时间：
2022-05
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
R. Feldmann;E. Quataert;C. Faucher-Giguère;P. Hopkins;Onur Çatmabacak;D. Keres̆;L. Bassini;Mauro Bernardini;J. Bullock;Elia Cenci;J. Gensior;Lichen Liang;J. Moreno;A. Wetzel
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作者：
R. Feldmann;E. Quataert;C. Faucher-Giguère;P. Hopkins;Onur Çatmabacak;D. Keres̆;L. Bassini;Mauro Bernardini;J. Bullock;Elia Cenci;J. Gensior;Lichen Liang;J. Moreno;A. Wetzel
我们介绍了一套宇宙学体积模拟研究星系的演化作为现实环境中的反馈项目的一部分。FIREbox是本套件的主要模拟，它提供了一个代表性的星系样本（1000个星系，在z = 0时Mstar > 108 M <$），分辨率（Δx <$20 pc，mb <$6 × 104 M <$）可与最先进的星系放大模拟相媲美。FIREbox捕捉了星际介质在完全宇宙学设置（L = 22.1 Mpc）中的多相性质，这要归功于其极高的动态范围（106）和多通道恒星反馈。在这里，我们专注于通过与观测数据进行比较来验证模拟预测。我们发现，M星星< 1010.5 − 11 M的模拟星系的星星形成率、气体质量和金属丰度与观测结果基本一致。这些星系标度关系延伸到低质量（Mstar <$107 M <$），并遵循（破碎的）幂律关系。还再现了宇宙HI密度的演化和z = 0 − 5处HI柱密度分布。在低z时，FIREbox预测了恒星质量晕质量关系的峰值，但也有更高丰度的大质量星系和更高的宇宙星星形成率密度比观测到的，表明恒星反馈本身不足以再现大质量星系的后期性质。鉴于其高分辨率和样本量，FIREbox提供了ΛCDM宇宙中星系形成理论的基线预测，同时也强调了下一代星系模拟中要解决的建模挑战。
We introduce a suite of cosmological volume simulations to study the evolution of galaxies as part of the Feedback in Realistic Environments project. FIREbox, the principal simulation of the present suite, provides a representative sample of galaxies (∼1000 galaxies with Mstar > 108 M⊙ at z = 0) at a resolution (Δx ∼ 20 pc, mb ∼ 6 × 104 M⊙) comparable to state-of-the-art galaxy zoom-in simulations. FIREbox captures the multiphase nature of the interstellar medium in a fully cosmological setting (L = 22.1 Mpc) thanks to its exceptionally high dynamic range (≳ 106) and the inclusion of multi-channel stellar feedback. Here, we focus on validating the simulation predictions by comparing to observational data. We find that simulated galaxies with Mstar < 1010.5 − 11 M⊙ have star formation rates, gas masses, and metallicities in broad agreement with observations. These galaxy scaling relations extend to low masses (Mstar ∼ 107 M⊙) and follow a (broken) power-law relationship. Also reproduced are the evolution of the cosmic HI density and the HI column density distribution at z ∼ 0 − 5. At low z, FIREbox predicts a peak in the stellar-mass–halo-mass relation, but also a higher abundance of massive galaxies and a higher cosmic star formation rate density than observed, showing that stellar feedback alone is insufficient to reproduce the properties of massive galaxies at late times. Given its high resolution and sample size, FIREbox offers a baseline prediction of galaxy formation theory in a ΛCDM Universe while also highlighting modeling challenges to be addressed in next-generation galaxy simulations.