Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain
Neural reuse: A fundamental organizational principle of the brain
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DOI：
10.1017/s0140525x10000853
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发表时间：
2010-08-01
影响因子：
29.3
通讯作者：
Anderson, Michael L.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Anderson, Michael L.
关于大脑功能结构的一类新兴理论将神经回路重新用于各种认知目的作为核心组织原则。根据这些理论，在进化或正常发育过程中，为一个目的而建立的神经回路被扩展（利用，回收，重新部署）并投入不同的用途是很常见的，通常不会失去其原始功能。因此，神经再利用理论不同于通常对神经可塑性作用的理解（这毕竟是一种再利用）在大脑组织中的作用，沿着以下路线进行：根据神经再利用，在最初的或原始的功能建立之后，回路可以继续获得新的用途;新用途的获得不需要涉及诸如损伤或丧失既定功能之类的异常情况;并且新用途的获得不需要涉及对电路结构的（很多）局部改变（例如，它可能只涉及与新的神经伙伴建立功能连接）。因此，神经再利用理论为几个普遍感兴趣的主题提供了独特的视角，例如：大脑的进化和发展，包括（例如）支持灵长类动物工具使用和人类语言的进化发展途径;大脑组织的模块化程度;认知功能的定位程度;以及皮层包裹问题和功能到结构映射的前景（以及使用的适当方法）。这一想法在康复医学和机器接口设计领域也有一些实际意义。
An emerging class of theories concerning the functional structure of the brain takes the reuse of neural circuitry for various cognitive purposes to be a central organizational principle. According to these theories, it is quite common for neural circuits established for one purpose to be exapted (exploited, recycled, redeployed) during evolution or normal development, and be put to different uses, often without losing their original functions. Neural reuse theories thus differ from the usual understanding of the role of neural plasticity (which is, after all, a kind of reuse) in brain organization along the following lines: According to neural reuse, circuits can continue to acquire new uses after an initial or original function is established; the acquisition of new uses need not involve unusual circumstances such as injury or loss of established function; and the acquisition of a new use need not involve (much) local change to circuit structure (e.g., it might involve only the establishment of functional connections to new neural partners). Thus, neural reuse theories offer a distinct perspective on several topics of general interest, Such as: the evolution and development of the brain, including (for instance) the evolutionary-developmental pathway supporting primate tool use and human language; the degree of modularity in brain organization; the degree of localization of cognitive function; and the cortical parcellation problem and the prospects (and proper methods to employ) for function to structure mapping. The idea also has some practical implications in the areas of rehabilitative medicine and machine interface design.