What is macroevolution?
What is macroevolution?
复制标题
什么是宏观进化？
DOI：
10.1111/pala.12465
复制
发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
2.6
通讯作者：
M. Hautmann
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Hautmann
宏观进化的定义分为三类：（1）超种级分类群的进化;（2）大时间尺度上的进化;（3）由种间变异排序指导的进化（与微观进化中种内变异排序相反）。在这里，有人认为，只有定义3允许宏观进化和微观进化的一致分离。根据这个定义，物种形成具有微观进化和宏观进化两个方面：形态转变的过程是微观进化的，但它产生的物种之间的变异是宏观进化的，物种形成的速度也是如此。选择剂可能对种内和种间变异产生不同的影响，有三种可能的情况：仅在一个水平上产生影响，在两个水平上产生相同极性但可能不同强度的影响，以及在水平之间产生相反的影响。而所有的选择剂的影响是直接在宏观进化，微观进化需要种内竞争作为选择剂和进化反应之间的中介。这种种内竞争的中介作用发生在有性生殖的存在下，因此在物种是进化单位的宏观进化水平上没有类似物。物种间的竞争既表现在微观进化水平上，也表现在宏观进化水平上，但作用效果不同。在微观进化中，种间竞争刺激了进化分化，而在宏观进化水平上，种间竞争是灭绝的潜在驱动力。在宏观进化框架中重新描述红皇后假说表明，种间竞争的影响导致起源和灭绝率之间的正相关，证实了本文中称为斯坦利规则的经验观察。
Definitions of macroevolution fall into three categories: (1) evolution of taxa of supraspecific rank; (2) evolution on the grand time‐scale; and (3) evolution that is guided by sorting of interspecific variation (as opposed to sorting of intraspecific variation in microevolution). Here, it is argued that only definition 3 allows for a consistent separation of macroevolution and microevolution. Using this definition, speciation has both microevolutionary and macroevolutionary aspects: the process of morphological transformation is microevolutionary, but the variation among species that it produces is macroevolutionary, as is the rate at which speciation occurs. Selective agents may have differential effects on intraspecific and interspecific variation, with three possible situations: effect at one level only, effect at both levels with the same polarity but potentially different intensity, and effects that oppose between levels. Whereas the impact of all selective agents is direct in macroevolution, microevolution requires intraspecific competition as a mediator between selective agents and evolutionary responses. This mediating role of intraspecific competition occurs in the presence of sexual reproduction and has therefore no analogue at the macroevolutionary level where species are the evolutionary units. Competition between species manifests both on the microevolutionary and macroevolutionary level, but with different effects. In microevolution, interspecific competition spurs evolutionary divergence, whereas it is a potential driver of extinction at the macroevolutionary level. Recasting the Red Queen hypothesis in a macroevolutionary framework suggests that the effects of interspecific competition result in a positive correlation between origination and extinction rates, confirming empirical observations herein referred to as Stanley's rule.