Migrations as Revolt: The Example of the Ivory Coast and the Upper Volta before 1945
Migrations as Revolt: The Example of the Ivory Coast and the Upper Volta before 1945
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作为反抗的移民：1945 年之前科特迪瓦和上沃尔特的例子
DOI：
10.1017/s0021853700015073
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发表时间：
1976
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
A. I. Asiwaju
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
A. I. Asiwaju
这项研究是作为对殖民统治时期非洲抗议运动文献的贡献而提供的。现有的移徙研究强调动机的社会经济方面，往往掩盖甚至忽略主要因素是不赞成殖民政策的移徙。现有对非洲抗议运动的研究集中在武装对抗上，也许是因为它们更具有戏剧性的吸引力。象牙海岸和上沃尔特的情况说明了法属西非各地以及其他殖民地，特别是比利时和葡萄牙领土上的一种现象。抗议移民的原因通常与在武装对抗是唯一选择的地方激起叛乱的同样的怨恨有关。这些强制性因素包括强迫劳动、繁重的税收、征兵、种族隔离和对土著政治机构，特别是酋长制的攻击。《土著刑法典》和《土著人法》所体现的警察镇压措施加剧了非洲人的不满。从法国人对象牙海岸和上沃尔特的移民潮的反应来看，很明显，移民作为抗议活动，对非洲人来说成本要低得多，对殖民当局的影响与其他更激进的抗议和叛乱形式大致相同。
This study is offered as a contribution to the literature on African protest movements during the era of colonial rule. Existing studies of migration emphasize the socio-economic aspects of motivation and have tended to gloss over or even omit migrations in which the dominant factor was disapproval of colonial policy. Existing studies of African protest movements focus on armed confrontations, perhaps because of their greater dramatic appeal. The case of the Ivory Coast and Upper Volta illustrates a phenomenon found in various parts of French West Africa and, indeed, in other colonies, particularly the Belgian and Portuguese territories. The causes of protest migrations were usually related to the same resentments which provoked revolt in localities where armed confrontation was the only option. These compelling factors included forced labour, burdensome taxation, conscription, requisitions and an attack on indigenous political institutions, notably chieftaincy. The use of repressive police measures, as manifested in the Native Penal and Indigénat Codes, exacerbated African discontent. Judging from the French reaction to the exodus from the Ivory Coast and Upper Volta, it is clear that migrations, as protests, proved far less costly to Africans and had much the same effect on the colonial authorities as did other more militant forms of protest and rebellion.