Genes and environments, development and time
Genes and environments, development and time
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2016710117
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发表时间：
2020-09-22
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Robinson, Gene E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Boyce, W. Thomas;Sokolowski, Marla B.;Robinson, Gene E.
现在大量的科学研究表明，在行为和健康方面的个体差异的发展中，遗传和环境变化之间存在着动态的相互作用。这些结果受到分子（通常是表观遗传）过程的影响，这些过程涉及可以影响基因表达的基因-环境（G-E）相互作用。暴露于贫困、慢性逆境和急性压力事件的早期环境与适应不良的发展和健康和行为受损有关。遗传差异可以增强或减弱对这种致病环境影响的易感性。然而，目前关于G-E相互作用的讨论中，很大程度上缺少时间的作用，这是一个“第三因素”，指导复杂的发展终点在不同的时间尺度上的出现。发展轨迹越来越多地表现为基因、环境和时间在多个尺度上高度关联的元素之间复杂的动态交换，包括神经生物学（分钟到毫秒）、基因组学（小时到分钟）、发育（年和月）和进化（世纪和千年）时间。PNAS的这期特刊因此探讨了G-E交易中的时间和时间：时间和时间尺度在大脑发育的可塑性和关键时期的重要性;表观遗传学和生物嵌入经验的分子基础;跨时间和生物组织水平的经验编码;行为和发育中的基因调控网络及其与神经元网络的联系。两者合计，收集的文件提供了G-E相互作用如何在时间和时间尺度的背景下偶然运作的观点。
A now substantial body of science implicates a dynamic interplay between genetic and environmental variation in the development of individual differences in behavior and health. Such outcomes are affected by molecular, often epigenetic, processes involving gene-environment (G-E) interplay that can influence gene expression. Early environments with exposures to poverty, chronic adversities, and acutely stressful events have been linked to maladaptive development and compromised health and behavior. Genetic differences can impart either enhanced or blunted susceptibility to the effects of such pathogenic environments. However, largely missing from present discourse regarding G-E interplay is the role of time, a "third factor" guiding the emergence of complex developmental endpoints across different scales of time. Trajectories of development increasingly appear best accounted for by a complex, dynamic interchange among the highly linked elements of genes, contexts, and time at multiple scales, including neurobiological (minutes to milliseconds), genomic (hours to minutes), developmental (years and months), and evolutionary (centuries and millennia) time. This special issue of PNAS thus explores time and timing among G-E transactions: The importance of timing and timescales in plasticity and critical periods of brain development; epigenetics and the molecular underpinnings of biologically embedded experience; the encoding of experience across time and biological levels of organization; and gene-regulatory networks in behavior and development and their linkages to neuronal networks. Taken together, the collection of papers offers perspectives on how G-E interplay operates contingently within and against a backdrop of time and timescales.