Mountain valleys, alluvial fans and oases: Geomorphologic perspectives of the mixed agropastoral economy in Xinjiang (3000–200 BC)
Mountain valleys, alluvial fans and oases: Geomorphologic perspectives of the mixed agropastoral economy in Xinjiang (3000–200 BC)
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DOI：
10.3389/feart.2023.1109905
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发表时间：
2023-02
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Yin;Junna Zhang;Xuetong Yu
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
C. Yin;Junna Zhang;Xuetong Yu
新疆是跨欧亚交流的枢纽。新疆生态脆弱，气候干旱，原始人受环境影响较大。新疆是中亚地区地貌单元最重要、最复杂的地区，地貌形态多样，包括山地、盆地、沙漠、河谷、绿洲等。本文系统总结了新疆127个青铜时代至铁器时代早期（公元前3000-200年）遗址和墓地的地貌位置及其经济策略，探讨了生活在其他地貌单元的古人类的不同经济选择，以及他们如何适应这些微环境。我们把新疆划分为五个地区：准噶尔盆地、塔里木盆地、西天山、中天山和东天山。研究表明，不同地理单元存在不同的农牧经济模式。新疆北部以天山为界，经济主要以畜牧业为主，而新疆南部则流行绿洲农业。从地貌学的角度来看，大部分遗址位于山谷、冲积扇和绿洲地区，具有地表水来源和细质土壤覆盖。靠近山脉的地方更有可能发展出混合的牧猎经济，而特定规模的绿洲社区更有可能建立起混合的农牧经济。在大型河谷或冲积扇地区，预计会出现聚落集群和大型中心聚落，导致社会复杂性的出现。这项研究将有助于了解公元前3000 - 200年新疆复杂的“人地”动态。
Xinjiang serves as a hub for trans-Eurasian exchange. The Xinjiang hominids are supposed to be greatly influenced by the environment due to the fragile ecology and arid climate. As the territory with the most significant and complex geomorphic units in Inner Asia, Xinjiang features a diverse spectrum of geomorphic forms, including mountains, basins, deserts, river valleys, and oases. This paper presents a systematic summary of the geomorphic locations of 127 Bronze Age to early Iron Age (3000–200 BC) sites and cemeteries in Xinjiang and their economic strategies, exploring the different economic choices of ancient humans who lived in other geomorphic units, and how they adapted to their microenvironments. We have divided Xinjiang into five regions: the Junggar Basin, the Tarim Basin, the Western Tianshan Mountains, the middle Tianshan Mountains, and the Eastern Tianshan Mountains. Our study shows that there were different agropastoral economic modes in different geographical units. Roughly bounded by the Tianshan Mountains, the economy in northern Xinjiang was heavily based on animal husbandry, while oasis farming was popular in the Southern Xinjiang reigon. From the perspective of geomorphology, most sites are situated in mountain valleys, alluvial fans, and oases regions with surface water sources and fine-textured soil cover. Sites near mountains were more likely to develop a mixed pastoral-hunting economy, and oasis communities of a specific size were more likely to build a mixed agricultural-pastoral economy. In large river valleys or alluvial fans, it is expected that settlement clusters and large central settlements will grow, leading to the emergence of social complexity. This study will help to understand the complex “man-land” dynamics between 3000 and 200 BC in Xinjiang.