BREEDING OF CROP IDEOTYPES
BREEDING OF CROP IDEOTYPES
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DOI：
10.1007/bf00056241
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发表时间：
1968-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
DONALD, CM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DONALD, CM
大多数植物育种是基于“消除缺陷”或“产量选择”。另一种有价值的方法是培育作物理想型，即具有已知影响光合作用、生长和（谷物）谷物生产的典型特征的植物。引用了一些成功利用这类模式性状的例子，并假定一个成功的理想型作物相对于其质量而言是一个弱的竞争者。因此，作物群落中的同类植物将在最小程度上相互竞争。植物形态与环境利用的这种关系可能导致两种基因型之间的负相关关系，即：（a）品种在低密度和高密度下的表现之间的负相关关系;（B）品种对其他基因型的竞争能力与其在纯培养中的产量能力之间的负相关关系。此外，在谷物中，每个单位的干物质将包括一定数量的小花，以确保穗有足够的能力接受来自其自身绿色表面或来自植物其他部分的所有光合产物。特别是在高肥力条件下，以及当群体对环境资源的总压力因人口密度高而加剧时，这些标准必须得到满足。它有一个短而强壮的茎;很少，小，直立的叶子;一个大的穗（这特别意味着许多小花每单位的顶部干物质）;一个直立的穗;芒;和一个单一的秆。这里所描述的小麦理想型将需要考虑种植密度、施肥量、植株排列和杂草控制。最终大多数植物育种可能以理想型为基础。
Most plant breeding is based on “defect elimination” or “selection for yield”. A valuable additional approach is available through the breeding of crop ideotypes, plants with model characteristics known to influence photosynthesis, growth and (in cereals) grain production. Some instances of the successful use of model characters of this kind are quoted.It is postulated that a successful crop ideotype will be a weak competitor, relative to its mass. Thus the like plants in the crop community will compete with each other to a minimum degree. This relationship of plant form to the exploitation of the enviroment may lead to two negative relationships among genotypes, namely:(a)Between the performance of cultivars at low density and at high density respectively, and(b)Between the competitive ability of cultivars against other genotypes on the one hand, and their capacity for yield in pure culture on the other.A crop ideotype will make a minimum demand on resources per unit of dry matter produced. Further, in cereals, each unit of dry matter will include such a number of florets as to ensure that the ear has sufficient capacity to accept all photosynthates either from its own green surfaces or from other parts of the plant. These criteria are to be satisfied especially at high fertility, and when the total pressure by the community on environmental resources is intensified by high density of population.A wheat ideotype is described. It has a short, strong stem; few, small, erect leaves; a large ear (this specifically means many florets per unit of dry matter of the tops); an erect ear; awns; and a single culm.The design of crop ideotypes is likely to involve concurrent modifications of the environment. The wheat ideotype here described will call for consideration of the density of planting, the fertilizer rate, the plant arrangement and weed control.Eventually most plant breeding may be based on ideotypes.