The contemporary face of gender differences and similarities in depression throughout adolescence: Development and chronicity.
The contemporary face of gender differences and similarities in depression throughout adolescence: Development and chronicity.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.071
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发表时间：
2016-11-15
影响因子：
6.6
通讯作者：
Hyde JS
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Salk RH;Petersen JL;Abramson LY;Hyde JS
我们探讨了青少年抑郁症的性别差异，提出了两个关键问题。首先，大多数关于青少年抑郁症性别差异的纵向研究始于20世纪80年代和90年代，这就需要一套证据来证明今天的发展模式是相似还是不同。其次，尽管慢性抑郁症的重要性，我们不知道是否有性别差异的慢性疾病的负担。在美国青少年的当代纵向样本中，在11岁，13岁，15岁和18岁时评估抑郁症状，并在20岁时评估抑郁症诊断。为了获得临床抑郁症的慢性负担，我们评估了个体一生中的每一次抑郁发作，并总结了发作的总天数。在13岁时出现抑郁症状，在13-14岁时出现诊断的性别差异。尽管发生了许多社会变化，但这些调查结果与1980年代和1990年代的调查结果相似。然而，13岁和15岁时症状的性别差异可能比以前记录的更大。抑郁症状的潜在增长曲线模型表明，女孩的症状在青春期早期加速，而男孩的症状在青春期后期加速。虽然在20岁之前，经历过重度抑郁或心境恶劣的女孩（24%）比男孩（15%）多，但抑郁症患者的慢性负担显示出性别相似性（男孩抑郁天数的中位数为2.6%，女孩为2.4%）。抑郁症的诊断进行了回顾性评估，然而，症状数据进行了前瞻性评估，症状和诊断数据收敛。样本也主要是白色，限制了普遍性。在当代青少年样本中，我们观察到从13岁开始抑郁症状和诊断的性别差异。我们记录了青春期女孩和男孩抑郁症的不同发展轨迹，表明抑郁症预防计划的不同发展窗口。我们还发现了临床抑郁症慢性负担的性别相似性。
We probe the adolescent gender difference in depression, asking two critical questions. First, most longitudinal studies of gender differences in adolescent depression date from the 1980s and 1990s, raising the need for a body of evidence on whether the developmental pattern is similar or different today. Second, despite the importance of chronicity to depression, we do not know whether there is a gender difference in the chronicity burden of the disorder. In a contemporary longitudinal sample of U.S. adolescents, depression symptoms were assessed at ages 11, 13, 15, and 18, and depression diagnoses were assessed at age 20. To capture the chronicity burden of clinical depression, we assessed for every depressive episode in an individual’s lifetime and summed the total number of days spent in episode. A gender difference emerged at age 13 for depression symptoms and at age 13–14 for diagnoses. These findings are similar to those in the 1980s and 1990s despite many social changes that have occurred. However, the magnitude of the gender difference in symptoms at ages 13 and 15 may be larger than those documented previously. Latent growth curve modeling of depression symptoms indicated that girls’ symptoms accelerated early in adolescence whereas boys’ symptoms accelerated later. Although more girls (24%) than boys (15%) experienced major depression or dysthymia by age 20, the chronicity burden among those with depression showed gender similarities (median = 2.6% days depressed for boys and 2.4% for girls). Depression diagnoses were assessed retrospectively; however, symptom data were assessed prospectively, and symptom and diagnostic data converged. The sample was also predominantly White, limiting generalizability. In a contemporary adolescent sample we observed gender differences in depression symptoms and diagnoses beginning at age 13. We documented distinct developmental trajectories of depression for adolescent girls and boys, suggesting different developmental windows for depression prevention programs. We also discovered a gender similarity in the chronicity burden of clinical depression.