Asian Soft-Power: Globalization and Regionalism in the East Asia Olympic Games
Asian Soft-Power: Globalization and Regionalism in the East Asia Olympic Games
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亚洲软实力：东亚奥运会中的全球化与地区主义
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发表时间：
2010
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通讯作者：
S. Collins
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作者：
S. Collins
东亚奥运会是全球化抽象化的视觉景观2008年北京奥运会圆满结束后，中国多位官员宣称，北京成功举办了一场“走出来的派对”，最终提升了中国的软实力。(1)尽管许多国际组织围绕奥运会提出抗议，但北京奥运会实现了中国作为一个可靠与和平的成员进入国际社会。尽管北京奥运会的遗产仍在建立中，但许多西方人支持北京奥运会对中国软实力和国际地位产生的积极影响。(2)苏珊·布朗内尔乐观地评价说，北京奥运会是中国“和平地融入国际社会”。（3）不仅展示了中国的文化和软实力，也展示了中国的全球性，正如《亚洲调查》的马克·布莱彻（Marc Blecher）所指出的：“这一信息是，中国已经成为一个具有复杂的全球（而不仅仅是中国或亚洲）敏感性的国家，拥有与之相匹配的财富，并有能力生产远远超过廉价出口的产品。“（4）通过举办盛大的奥运会，中国向本国和国际社会展示了其民族文化的独特魅力，实现了其作为一个全球大国的国际地位。“软实力”和“亮相派对”的广泛使用往往是北京奥运会无可争议的描述。约瑟夫·奈（Joseph Nye）推广了软实力，描述了施加国家影响力的非经济和非军事论坛，并概括了公共外交和文化关系的早期概念。(5)Wolfram Manzenreiter进一步指出，软实力与奥运会之间的关系“似乎是增强主办国软实力的适当时机，特别是因为奥运会的优秀、公平、普遍友谊和相互交流的积极形象很容易联系起来。“（6）胡锦涛主席近年来也将2008年奥运会视为提升中国软实力的关键。(7)此外，“出柜党”的形象也很受欢迎，考虑到中国是一个崛起的大国和快速发展的经济体，这似乎是恰当的。事实上，许多人把北京奥运会的“亮相派对”比作东亚经济发展时期举行的另外两届夏季奥运会：1964年东京奥运会和1988年首尔奥运会。(8)奥运会为这三个东亚国家提供了引人注目的活动，不仅向国际观众展示了这些主办城市的“政治可靠性”，而且向国内公民展示了他们的国家身份。(9)尽管“软实力”和“出柜政党”等术语很受欢迎，但在分析东亚举办的奥运会时，将软实力和出柜政党作为有效的社会文化类别是有局限性的。理解亚洲软实力和奥运会的话语如何相互作用的核心是将它们置于它们出现的更大的全球政治经济背景中。通过使用“亚洲软实力”和“走出去的政党”的话语作为一个棱镜，我认为，东亚奥运会的象征，合法的奥运会作为一个抽象的，普遍的国家游行，从他们的具体的，地缘政治条件切断。当东亚奥运会被誉为“软实力”和“走出来的政党”，使每个亚洲主办城市成为全球社会的一员，每届亚洲奥运会的显着差异被列入括号。每个东亚国家的奥运会运作方式所固有的政治、经济和社会问题，都被纳入奥运会主办国精英群体的看似更耸人听闻的方面所取代。举办奥运会是一个“普遍主义的普遍化”的寓言，东亚奥运会展示了奥林匹克运动普遍愿望的必然展开。…
The East Asian Olympic Games as Visual Spectacles of the Abstraction of Globalization After the spectacular conclusion of the historic 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, various Chinese officials declared that Beijing successfully held a "coming out party" that had ultimately increased China's soft power. (1) Despite the protests by numerous international organizations surrounding the Games, the Beijing Olympics realized China's celebrated entry into the global community as a reliable and peaceful member. Although the legacy of the Beijing Games is still being established, many in the West were supportive of the positive effect that the Beijing Olympics had on China's soft power and international standing. (2) The Beijing Olympics, Susan Brownell optimistically assessed, was China's "peaceful integration into the international community." (3) Not only was China's culture and soft power showcased, but also China's globality, as Marc Blecher of the Asian Survey noted: "The message was that China has arrived as a country with a sophisticated global (and not just Chinese or Asian) sensibility, the wealth to match, and a capacity for producing far more than cheap exports." (4) Through the sumptuous Olympic Games, China showcased the distinctive allure of its national culture and realized its international ranking as a global power to both itself and the world community. The extensive uses of "soft power" and a "coming-out-party" are often unchallenged descriptors of the Beijing Olympic Games. Soft power was popularized by Joseph Nye to describe the non-economic and non-military forums for exerting national influence and encapsulates earlier notions of public diplomacy and cultural relations. (5) The relationship between soft power and the Olympic Games, Wolfram Manzenreiter furthers, "seems to be an appropriate occasion to enhance the soft power of their hosting nations, particularly because of the easy association with the Games' positive images of excellence, fairness, universal friendship and mutual exchange." (6) President Hu Jintao has also framed the 2008 Olympics as key to promoting China's soft power in recent years. (7) In addition, the image of a "coming out party" is also popular and may seem apropos given the fact that China is a rising power and rapidly developing economy. In fact, many have likened the "coming-out-party" of the Beijing Games to the other two summer Olympic Games held in East Asia during their developing economic periods: the 1964 Tokyo and 1988 Seoul Games. (8) The Olympic Games provided high-profile events for all three of these East Asian nations to demonstrate not only the "political reliability" of these host cities to their international audiences but also their national identity to domestic citizens. (9) Despite the popularity of the terms "soft power" and "coming-out-parties," there are limits to using soft power and coming out parties as valid socio-cultural categories in analyzing the Olympic Games held in East Asia. Central to understanding how the discourses on Asian Soft Power and the Olympic Games interact is situating them within their larger, global political economic contexts in which they emerge. By using the discourses on "Asian Soft Power" and "Coming-Out-Parties" as a prism, I argue that the East Asia Olympic Games are symbolized to legitimate the Olympic Games as an abstracted, universal parade of nations that is severed from their specific, geopolitical conditions. When the East Asian Olympics are celebrated as "soft power" and as "coming out parties" that transformed each Asian host city into a member of the global community, the significant differences of each Asian Olympic Games is bracketed. The political, economic, and social problems inherent in how the Olympic Games work in each East Asian country is displaced by the seemingly more sensational aspects of being incorporated into the elite group of Olympic hosts. Hosting the Olympic Games serves as an allegory of the "universalization of universalism" in that the East Asian Olympics display the inevitable unfolding of the universal aspirations of the Olympic Movement. …