Most outdoor malaria transmission by behaviourally-resistant Anopheles arabiensis is mediated by mosquitoes that have previously been inside houses.
Most outdoor malaria transmission by behaviourally-resistant Anopheles arabiensis is mediated by mosquitoes that have previously been inside houses.
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DOI：
10.1186/s12936-016-1280-z
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发表时间：
2016-04-19
期刊：
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Okumu FO
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Killeen GF;Govella NJ;Lwetoijera DW;Okumu FO
阿拉伯按蚊是介导全球残留疟疾传播的各种媒介的典型，因为它可以在户外以人或牛为食，或者进入但随后迅速离开房屋，而不会致命地暴露于杀虫蚊帐或喷雾剂。生活史的一个良好的特点安。用一个简单但过程明确的确定性模型模拟了阿拉比亚种群，并通过敏感性分析检查了与其他载体的相关性。在大多数人使用蚊帐的地方，三分之二的人使用蚊帐。据估计，有一半的疟疾传播事件发生在户外。然而，据估计，大多数成功的饲料和几乎所有（> 98%）的传播事件都是在室内攻击人类的不成功尝试之前发生的。最终从室内人类获得的病媒血餐的估计比例因替代宿主的可用性或在室外攻击人类的部分能力而大大减少。然而，年龄足以传播疟疾的蚊子的估计比例，以及以前至少进入过一次房屋的蚊子，对这两个变量的敏感度要低得多。对于对牛的偏好类似于对人的适度偏好以及一旦进入室内就逃避致命的室内杀虫剂暴露的类似能力的病媒，只要≥ 40%的攻击人类的尝试发生在室内并且人类数量超过牛的≥4倍，则> 80%的足以传播疟疾的蚊子的预测进食事件之前至少有一次入室事件。虽然由这样一个简单的确定性模型预测的精确的数值结果应被认为只是近似的和说明性的，推导出的结论是显着不敏感的实质性偏差从输入参数值测量这个特定的An。阿拉伯种居群因此，这种生活史分析确定了一个明确的，广泛重要的机会，更有效地抑制残余疟疾传播的安。非洲的阿拉伯按蚊和其他重要的热带残留传播媒介。改进控制主要是室外残留传播的一个。阿拉伯按蚊和其他中等嗜动物性的媒介如达氏按蚊（Anopheles darlingi）（它们经常进入房屋，然后迅速离开房屋），可以通过改进现有的室内灭蚊技术来容易地实现。
Anopheles arabiensis is stereotypical of diverse vectors that mediate residual malaria transmission globally, because it can feed outdoors upon humans or cattle, or enter but then rapidly exit houses without fatal exposure to insecticidal nets or sprays. Life histories of a well-characterized An. arabiensis population were simulated with a simple but process-explicit deterministic model and relevance to other vectors examined through sensitivity analysis. Where most humans use bed nets, two thirds of An. arabiensis blood feeds and half of malaria transmission events were estimated to occur outdoors. However, it was also estimated that most successful feeds and almost all (>98 %) transmission events are preceded by unsuccessful attempts to attack humans indoors. The estimated proportion of vector blood meals ultimately obtained from humans indoors is dramatically attenuated by availability of alternative hosts, or partial ability to attack humans outdoors. However, the estimated proportion of mosquitoes old enough to transmit malaria, and which have previously entered a house at least once, is far less sensitive to both variables. For vectors with similarly modest preference for cattle over humans and similar ability to evade fatal indoor insecticide exposure once indoors, >80 % of predicted feeding events by mosquitoes old enough to transmit malaria are preceded by at least one house entry event, so long as ≥40 % of attempts to attack humans occur indoors and humans outnumber cattle ≥4-fold. While the exact numerical results predicted by such a simple deterministic model should be considered only approximate and illustrative, the derived conclusions are remarkably insensitive to substantive deviations from the input parameter values measured for this particular An. arabiensis population. This life-history analysis, therefore, identifies a clear, broadly-important opportunity for more effective suppression of residual malaria transmission by An. arabiensis in Africa and other important vectors of residual transmission across the tropics. Improved control of predominantly outdoor residual transmission by An. arabiensis, and other modestly zoophagic vectors like Anopheles darlingi, which frequently enter but then rapidly exit from houses, may be readily achieved by improving existing technology for killing mosquitoes indoors.