Addiction and choice: theory and new data.
Addiction and choice: theory and new data.
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DOI：
10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00031
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发表时间：
2013
影响因子：
4.7
通讯作者：
Heyman GM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Heyman GM
成瘾的生物学基础一直是许多研究的焦点。这些发现说服了专家和公众，吸毒成瘾者使用毒品是强迫性的。但是“强迫”这个词确定了行为模式，所有行为都有生物学基础，包括自愿行为。因此，问题不在于成瘾是否具有生物学特性（这是必然的），而在于说成瘾者强迫性地使用药物是否明智。相关研究表明，大多数符合美国精神病学协会成瘾标准的人在30岁左右就戒断了非法药物，他们通常在没有专业帮助的情况下戒断，戒断的相关因素包括法律的担忧、经济压力和对尊重的渴望，特别是来自家庭成员的尊重。也就是说，戒烟的相关因素是选择而不是强迫。然而，根据定义，成瘾是一种疾病，因此从长远来看并没有好处。这正是数量选择原理（如匹配定律、改良和双曲线贴现）所预测的选择模式。虽然成瘾的大脑疾病模型被许多人认为是公认的知识，但它没有得到研究或逻辑的支持。相比之下，成熟的定量选择原则既能预测成瘾的可能性，也能预测成瘾的细节。
Addiction’s biological basis has been the focus of much research. The findings have persuaded experts and the public that drug use in addicts is compulsive. But the word “compulsive” identifies patterns of behavior, and all behavior has a biological basis, including voluntary actions. Thus, the question is not whether addiction has a biology, which it must, but whether it is sensible to say that addicts use drugs compulsively. The relevant research shows most of those who meet the American Psychiatric Association’s criteria for addiction quit using illegal drugs by about age 30, that they usually quit without professional help, and that the correlates of quitting include legal concerns, economic pressures, and the desire for respect, particularly from family members. That is, the correlates of quitting are the correlates of choice not compulsion. However, addiction is, by definition, a disorder, and thereby not beneficial in the long run. This is precisely the pattern of choices predicted by quantitative choice principles, such as the matching law, melioration, and hyperbolic discounting. Although the brain disease model of addiction is perceived by many as received knowledge it is not supported by research or logic. In contrast, well established, quantitative choice principles predict both the possibility and the details of addiction.