Spring and Autumn Territoriality in Song Sparrows: Same Behavior, Different Mechanisms?1
Spring and Autumn Territoriality in Song Sparrows: Same Behavior, Different Mechanisms?1
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歌麻雀的春秋领地性：相同的行为，不同的机制？1
DOI：
10.1093/icb/42.1.11
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
K. Soma
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Wingfield;K. Soma
脊椎动物表现出与领土相关的多种社会行为。现场和实验室实验表明，潜在的主题——包括机制——可能存在。例如，在鸟类中，几十年来的大量证据表明睾酮在繁殖环境中激活领土侵略的作用。一年中其他时间的领土意识似乎与性腺激素控制无关。一个显而易见的问题是，为什么对表面上相似的行为有如此多的控制机制？在繁殖季节控制睾酮分泌必须平衡与其他雄性竞争的需要（这往往会增加睾酮分泌）和提供亲代照顾的需要（这需要较低的睾酮浓度）。在非繁殖季节，睾丸激素对攻击行为的调节可能会带来巨大的代价。对华盛顿州西部雄性歌雀Melospiza melodia morphna进行的一系列实验揭示了避免这些代价的可能机制。无论在繁殖期还是非繁殖期，宋麻雀都是久坐不动的，保卫着自己的领地。非繁殖期的优势互动、领土侵略和鸣叫与繁殖期基本相同。虽然在非繁殖季节血浆睾酮和雌二醇水平非常低，但芳香化酶抑制剂治疗可以减少攻击行为，同时注入雌二醇可以恢复领地行为。这些数据表明，睾丸激素在神经层面调控领地行为的机制全年保持不变。然而，在不同的季节，激活这种行为的荷尔蒙信息到达大脑的方式似乎是不同的。
Abstract Vertebrates show a diverse array of social behaviors associated with territoriality. Field and laboratory experiments indicate that underlying themes—including mechanisms—may exist. For example in birds, extensive evidence over many decades has implicated a role for testosterone in the activation of territorial aggression in reproductive contexts. Territoriality at other times of the year appeared to be independent of gonadal hormone control. One obvious question is—why this diversity of control mechanisms for an apparently similar behavior? Control of testosterone secretion during the breeding season must balance the need to compete with other males (that tends to increase testosterone secretion), and the need to provide parental care (that requires lower testosterone concentrations). Regulation of aggressive behaviors by testosterone in the non-breeding season may incur substantial costs. A series of experiments on the male song sparrow, Melospiza melodia morphna, of western Washington State have revealed possible mechanisms to avoid these costs. Song sparrows are sedentary and defend territories in both breeding and non-breeding seasons. Dominance interactions, territorial aggression and song during the non-breeding season are essentially identical to those during the breeding season. Although in the non-breeding season plasma testosterone and estradiol levels are very low, treatment with an aromatase inhibitor decreases aggression and simultaneous implantation of estradiol restores territorial behavior. These data suggest that the mechanism by which testosterone regulates territorial behavior at the neural level remains intact throughout the year. How the hormonal message to activate such behavior gets to the brain in different season does, however, appear to be different.