Marital conflict and children's externalizing behavior: interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity.
Marital conflict and children's externalizing behavior: interactions between parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system activity.
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1540-5834.2009.00501.x
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发表时间：
2009
影响因子：
9.5
通讯作者：
Staton L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
El-Sheikh M;Kouros CD;Erath S;Cummings EM;Keller P;Staton L
儿童暴露于婚姻冲突和外化行为之间的关联已经在采用不同方法的横截面和纵向研究中得到了充分的证明（有关综述，请参见Cummings & Davies，2002）。当前的“第二代”婚姻冲突研究旨在调查解释婚姻冲突对儿童外化行为和其他适应问题的影响的机制（Davies，Harold，Goeke-Morey，& Cummings，2002）。情绪安全（Davies & Cummings，2006）、社会学习（Bandura，1977）、认知情境（Grych &芬查姆，1990）和特定情绪（Crockenberg & Langrock，2001）理论都阐明了婚姻冲突促进攻击性和失调行为的过程。然而，很少有研究试图解释婚姻冲突和儿童适应之间关系的个体差异，除了年龄和性别作为调节因素的调查，更少的研究将生理活动作为这种情况下的调节因素。许多暴露在婚姻冲突中的孩子并没有发展出外化问题，即使在婚姻冲突中表现出外化行为的孩子中，也存在着显著的差异（Cummings & Davies，2002）。Steinberg和Avenevoli（2000）假设，生理反应的个体差异可能会调节暴露于环境压力（如婚姻冲突）的儿童的适应不良类型和程度。也就是说，某些唤醒和调节模式，无论是遗传的还是通过经验获得的，都可能在婚姻冲突的背景下作为脆弱性或保护因素发挥作用。在这本专著中，我们集中在自主神经系统（ANS）的两个主要分支：交感神经系统和副交感神经系统（SNS和PNS）。SNS和PNS是人类压力反应系统的关键组成部分，可能是个体差异变量，增加或减少与婚姻冲突相关的外部化问题的易感性（El-Sheikh，2005 a）。事实上，尽管在幼儿期受到环境压力的影响，但最近的研究表明，在幼儿期中期，ANS反应具有中等稳定性，包括PNS活性（呼吸性窦性心律失常[RSA]; El-Sheikh，2005 b）和SNS活性（皮肤电导水平[SCL]; El-Sheikh，2007）稳定性的证据。因此，ANS功能是生理水平上的潜在个体差异因素，
The association between children’s exposure to marital conflict and externalizing behavior has been thoroughly documented in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with diverse methodologies (for a review, see Cummings & Davies, 2002). The current “second generation” of marital conflict research aims to investigate the mechanisms explaining the impact of marital conflict on children’s externalizing behaviors and other adjustment problems (Davies, Harold, Goeke-Morey, & Cummings, 2002). Emotional security (Davies & Cummings, 2006), social learning (Bandura, 1977), cognitive–contextual (Grych & Fincham, 1990), and specific emotions (Crockenberg & Langrock, 2001) theories have each elucidated processes through which marital conflict can promote aggressive and dysregulated behavior. However, few studies have attempted to account for individual differences in the relation between marital conflict and child adjustment, aside from investigations of age and gender as moderators, and even fewer studies have examined physiological activity as a moderator of effects in this context.Despite the relatively robust nature of the association between marital conflict and externalizing problems, many children exposed to marital conflict do not develop externalizing problems, and even among children who do exhibit externalizing behavior in the context of marital conflict, significant variability exists (Cummings & Davies, 2002). Steinberg and Avenevoli (2000) posited that individual differences in physiological responding might modulate the type and degree of maladjustment among children exposed to environmental stress such as marital conflict. That is, certain patterns of arousal and regulation, both inherited and acquired through experience, may operate as vulnerability or protective factors in the context of marital conflict. In this monograph, we focus on the two main branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS): the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems (SNS and PNS). The SNS and PNS are key components of the human stress response system and may be individual difference variables that increase or decrease susceptibility to externalizing problems associated with marital conflict (El-Sheikh, 2005a). Indeed, although influenced by environmental stress during early childhood, recent studies indicate moderate stability in ANS responding by middle childhood, including evidence for stability of PNS activity (respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]; El-Sheikh, 2005b) and SNS activity (skin conductance level [SCL]; El-Sheikh, 2007). Accordingly, ANS functioning is a potential individual difference factor at the level of physiological
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3.7
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