Chapter 13Drought Mitigation in the United States: Progress by State Government
Chapter 13Drought Mitigation in the United States: Progress by State Government
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第十三章美国的抗旱工作：州政府的进展
DOI：
10.1007/978-1-4615-3224-8_13
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发表时间：
1993
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
U. Office
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
U. Office
近年来，干旱一直是美国景观的一个反复出现的特征，对许多经济部门造成了重大影响，包括农业、交通、能源、娱乐和健康;它也产生了不利的环境后果。例如，1976-77年和1988年干旱的经济影响估计分别为近350亿美元和400亿美元（NOAA，1982年; Riebsame等人，1990年）。其他干旱年份，如1980年、1983年、1986年和1989-91年，也造成了重大损失。目前（1992年）干旱对西部各州和东部部分地区目前和今后的影响可能是巨大和长期的。美国大范围的严重干旱几乎毫无例外地表明，联邦和州政府的抗旱准备水平很低。在20世纪70年代实施的评估和应对计划的特点是基本上无效，各级政府内部和之间协调不力，以及不合时宜（GAO，1979年; Wilhite埃塔尔，1986年）。尽管州政府在抗旱准备方面取得了相当大的进展，但联邦政府对1988-89年干旱的反应是否比以前的反应有了明显改善，目前还没有定论。Riebsame等人（1990年）认为效率只有适度的提高。美国过去救灾工作的经验教训强烈表明，“风险管理”或积极主动的干旱管理办法将是比“危机管理”或迄今为止采取的反应性办法更有效的缓解工具。
Drought has been a recurrent feature of the American landscape in recent years, resulting in significant impacts in many economic sectors, including agriculture, transportation, energy, recreation, and health; it has also had adverse environmental consequences. For example, the economic impacts of the 1976-77 and 1988 droughts have been estimated at nearly $35 billion and $40 billion, respectively (NOAA, 1982; Riebsame et al., 1990). Other drought years, such as 1980, 1983, 1986, and 1989-91, resulted in significant losses as well. The present and future impacts of the current (1992) drought in the western states and in portions of the east are likely to be substantial and long-lasting. Almost without exception, the occurrence of widespread severe droughtinthe United States has illustrated the low level of drought preparedness that has existed in federal and state governments. Assessment and response programs that were implemented during the 1970s have been characterized as largely ineffective, poorly coordinated within and between levels of government, and untimely (GAO, 1979; Wilhite etal.,1986). Although state government has made considerable progress in drought preparedness, the verdict is still out on whether the federal government’s response to the 1988-89 drought had improved significantly over previous response efforts. Riebsame et al. (1990) suggests only a moderate improvement in efficiency. The lessons of past response efforts in the United States strongly suggest that a “risk management” or proactive approach to drought management would be a more effective mitigation tool than the “crisis management” or reactive approach heretofore practiced.