Reversal learning in gonadectomized marmosets with and without hormone replacement: are males more sensitive to punishment?
Reversal learning in gonadectomized marmosets with and without hormone replacement: are males more sensitive to punishment?
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DOI：
10.1007/s10071-016-0966-5
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发表时间：
2016-05-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Lacreuse, Agnes
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
LaClair, Matthew;Lacreuse, Agnes
本研究考察了中年性腺切除狨猴（Callithrix jacchus）在激素替代或非激素替代下执行功能的性别差异。我们对10只被阉割的雄性狨猴（平均年龄5.5岁）进行了测试，这些雄性狨猴接受了cypionate睾酮（T, n = 5）或对照剂（n = 5）的治疗，进行了逆向学习（有助于认知灵活性）和延迟反应任务（测量工作记忆）的测试。他们的表现与11名切除卵巢的女性（平均年龄= 3.7岁）进行了比较，这些女性使用填充了17- β雌二醇的硅胶胶囊（E2, n = 6）或空胶囊（n = 5），之前在相同的任务中进行了测试（Lacreuse et al. in J Neuroendocrinol, 2014:296-309）。doi:)。每天进行行为观察。雌性比雄性表现出更多的运动行为。男性和女性在达到逆转标准的试验数量上没有差异，但无论激素替代与否，男性的反应潜伏期明显更长。他们被拒绝的次数也比女性多。此外，对照组和t治疗组的雄性，而不是雌性，对错误试验的反应都较慢，这表明雄性犯错是由于注意力分散、缺乏动力或不确定。此外，尽管男性和女性在错误的实验后的反应都比正确的实验慢，但在错误的实验后，反应潜伏期的性别差异不成比例地大。在延迟反应任务中没有发现性别差异。总的来说，在逆向学习过程中，尤其是在不正确的试验期间和之后，男性的反应潜伏期比女性慢，这可能反映了男性对惩罚（奖励的遗漏）的更敏感，以及与女性相比，男性的表现监测更强。因为这些差异发生在去性腺细胞的动物身上，而且不管激素替代，它们可能在生命早期就形成了。
This study examined sex differences in executive function in middle-aged gonadectomized marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with or without hormonal replacement. We tested ten castrated male (mean age 5.5 years) marmosets treated with testosterone cypionate (T, n = 5) or vehicle (n = 5) on Reversal Learning, which contributes to cognitive flexibility, and the Delayed Response task, measuring working memory. Their performance was compared to that of 11 ovariectomized females (mean age = 3.7 years) treated with Silastic capsules filled with 17-beta estradiol (E2, n = 6) or empty capsules (n = 5), previously tested on the same tasks (Lacreuse et al. in J Neuroendocrinol 26:296-309, 2014. doi:). Behavioral observations were conducted daily. Females exhibited more locomotor behaviors than males. Males and females did not differ in the number of trials taken to reach criterion on the reversals, but males had significantly longer response latencies, regardless of hormone replacement. They also had a greater number of refusals than females. Additionally, both control and T-treated males, but not females, had slower responses on incorrect trials, suggesting that males were making errors due to distraction, lack of motivation or uncertainty. Furthermore, although both males and females had slower responding following an incorrect compared to a correct trial, the sex difference in response latencies was disproportionally large following an incorrect trial. No sex difference was found in the Delayed Response task. Overall, slower response latencies in males than females during Reversal Learning, especially during and following an incorrect trial, may reflect greater sensitivity to punishment (omission of reward) and greater performance monitoring in males, compared to females. Because these differences occurred in gonadectomized animals and regardless of hormone replacement, they may be organized early in life.