Habitat and ant-attendance in Hemiptera : a phylogenetic test with emphasis on trophobiosis in Fulgoromorpha
Habitat and ant-attendance in Hemiptera : a phylogenetic test with emphasis on trophobiosis in Fulgoromorpha
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发表时间：
1997
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通讯作者：
T. Bourgoin
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作者：
T. Bourgoin
“反共生”的生物学属性在半翅目动物中广泛存在。ScHAEFER（1987）认为，半翅目动物与蚂蚁的联系代表了一种早期生活方式的保留，这种生活方式起源于地面，总是先于植物上的生活。scl - iefer情景的系统发育测试表明，反共生不能被认为是所有主要半足类进化的起源，而是在一些栖息地在地面上的群体中独立出现的。地面栖息地和蚂蚁出席之间的因果关系尚未得到证实。特别注意的是富goromorpha的营养共生。虽然理论上所有的飞虱都可以与anIS联系在一起，但其中只有少数是蚂蚁，主要是飞虱科。这个科的成员有共同的形态特征（没有跳跃器，没有蜡板，没有感觉窝，一个长肛门管，没有肛门梳，在成人中没有肛门足部）和特殊的足部形态行为特征（subsooi）。这可能是在滋养菌选择过程中发生的。这就要求对这些形态学特征进行重新分析。通常被认为是半胚性的行为特征。当飞虱：；无法逃避或生活在群居或亚社会行为中。
The biological attribute "ant-mutualism" is 50 widely distributed within the Hemiptera that ScHAEFER (1987) suggested thal the association of Hemiptera with ants represcnts the retention of an carly way of Iife which originated on the ground and always preceded a life up on plants. A phylogenetic test of SCl-IAEFER'S scenario indicales thal anl-mutualism cannot he retaillcd as anccstrnl for ail major hemipteran clades but arose independently several limes in groups for which habitat is above ground. Causation between a ground habitat and ant-attendance is nol corroborated. Special attention is paid to trophobiosis in Fulgoromorpha. A1though ail planthoppers could theoretically he associated with anIS only a few of them ure ant-attended, and mainly /lIe Tettigomctridae. Mcmbers of this family share morphological characteristics (no jumping apparatus, no wax plates, no sensory pits, a long anal tube, no anal combs, no anal apodemes in adults) and particular fulgoromorph behavior traits (subsooi.ality, sessile behavior) that could have c\'olved under selection for trophobiosis. This calls for a reanalysis of these morphological..a.nd ~havioral characters that have bcen generally considered as plesiomorphic. Durable fulgoromorphan-ant assoeiations are observcd when planthopper:; arc unable to escape or live with gregarious or subsocial behaviors.