Ecological pharmacodynamics: prey toxin evolution depends on the physiological characteristics of predators

Ecological pharmacodynamics: prey toxin evolution depends on the physiological characteristics of predators
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生态药效学:猎物毒素的进化取决于捕食者的生理特征

DOI:
10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.09.011
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发表时间:
2014
期刊:
影响因子:
2.5
通讯作者:
Speed M
Speed M
中科院分区:
生物学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Speed M

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使用有毒化学防御来击退和阻止捕食者在生物体中很普遍,但令人惊讶的是,很少有正式的毒素进化模型。已发表的模型往往侧重于个人利益和毒性成本之间的权衡,并将捕食者视为简单的选择代理,减少未来遇到有毒猎物时的攻击。然而,在本文中,我们认为,捕食者的生理特征可能是至关重要的,在确定毒素进化的性质和结果。为了检验这个想法,我们设计并探索了一个模型,在这个模型中,猎物的防御在捕食者生理学的背景下进化。我们将其表示为捕食者营养和毒素的剂量效应关系,沿着捕食者代谢的变化率。捕食者生理学的解释变量可以改变毒素进化的观点。一个关键点是,包括捕食者的生理变量要求猎物的营养价值是明确表示在模型中,这直接影响毒素进化的预测。在我们的模型中,昂贵的毒素通常会进化到“最低限度无利可图”的程度:考虑到它们对捕食者的营养价值,它们的毒性足以使猎物无利可图。随着猎物的营养价值增加,猎物的最低无利可图毒素水平也会随之增加;因此,该模型的另一个一般性预测是,猎物体内的毒素水平通常与猎物的营养价值相关。捕食者的生理和认知也有助于防御的社会性质的变化。我们认为,将代表性的捕食者的生理是重要的毒素进化的理解,并提出建议,为今后的工作方向。
The use of toxic chemical defences to repel and deter predators is widespread across living organisms, yet there are surprisingly few formal models of toxin evolution. Published models tend to focus on a trade-off between individual benefits and costs of toxicity, and treat predators as simple agents of selection, reducing future attacks when they encounter toxic prey. In this paper we argue, however, that the physiological characteristics of predators may be crucial in determining the nature and outcomes of toxin evolution. To examine this idea we devised and explored a model in which prey defence evolves in the context of predator physiology. We represented this as dose–effect relationships in predators for nutrition and toxins along with variable rates of predator metabolism. Incorporating variables of predator physiology can change views of toxin evolution. A key point is that inclusion of predator physiological variables requires that the nutritional value of prey is explicitly represented in the model, and this directly affects predictions for toxin evolution. In our model costly toxins generally evolve to the point that they are ‘minimally unprofitable’: just toxic enough to make prey typically unprofitable given their nutritional value to predators. As the nutritional value of prey increases, so the minimally unprofitable toxin level of prey tends to increase in step; hence another general prediction from this model is that toxin levels within prey should often correlate with the nutritional value of the prey. Predator physiology and cognition also contribute to variation in the social nature of defence. We argue that incorporating representations of predator physiology is important in the comprehension of toxin evolution and make suggestions for directions of future work.
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DOI: --
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影响因子: --
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