Fungal Endophytes as a Driving Force in Land Plant Evolution: Evidence from the Fossil Record
Fungal Endophytes as a Driving Force in Land Plant Evolution: Evidence from the Fossil Record
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DOI：
10.1002/9781118314364.ch1
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发表时间：
2012-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. Krings;T. N. Taylor;Nora Dotzler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Krings;T. N. Taylor;Nora Dotzler
植物与真菌的相互作用发生在多个层面，并有助于形成植物群落及其组成的生态系统。这种相互作用可能包括竞争、对抗和不同程度的互惠。正如食草动物可以通过降低相互作用物种的整体适应度来影响植物群落的结构和动态一样，真菌在生态系统中也会带来类似的结果（Dighton 2003）。此外，包括真菌在内的微生物作为生物圈有机物的主要分解者，推动着自然界的生物地球化学循环（例如，Setala etal . 1998; Fang etal . 2005; Taylor etal . 2009a）。真菌也以消极的方式影响生态系统，从植物和动物的寄生虫到这些生物的病原体和疾病病原体。也许最值得注意的植物-真菌相互作用涉及某些真菌与陆地植物（从苔藓植物进化到被子植物）的根（或其他部分）之间的互惠关系。这种亲密的联系，被称为菌根，是地球上最普遍的共生关系，估计发生在80%以上的陆地植物中（例如，Cairney 2000; Selosse et al. 2006）。它展示了两个伙伴的共同进化。事实上，藻类和真菌伴侣之间的这种互惠共生可能是在陆地领域建立植物生命的必要先决条件（Raven 1977； Selosse和Le Tacon 1998）。本章的目的是展示化石记录中各种真菌(广义上，包括卵菌科（Peronosporomycetes）和壶菌科（Hyphochytridiomycota）的内生菌，以及陆地植物-真菌内生菌的相互作用。虽然真菌内生菌可以记录在显生宙，但它是早泥盆世和石炭世的化石，已被严格地系统地检查。因此，从这些时期开始，有许多文献记载的内生真菌与陆地植物相关的例子。我们选择了一些例子来证明真菌在茎轴上的内生现象
Plant–fungal interactions occur at multiple levels and help to shape plant communities and the ecosystems they comprise. Such interactions may involve competition, antagonism, and varying degrees of mutualism. Just as herbivores can impact the structure and dynamics of a plant community by overall decreasing fitness of interacting species, fungi bring about similar outcomes in the ecosystem (Dighton 2003). In addition, microorganisms, including fungi, drive the bio-geochemical cycles of nature as the principal decomposers of organic matter in the biosphere (e.g., Setala et al. 1998; Fang et al. 2005; Taylor et al. 2009a). Fungi also impact the ecosystem in negative ways, ranging from parasites of plants and animals to pathogens and disease causative agents of these organisms. Perhaps the most notable of plant–fungal interactions involve mutualistic relationships between certain fungi and the roots (or other parts) of land plants ranging from a bryophytic grade of evolution to angiosperms. This intimate association, termed a mycorrhiza, is the most prevalent symbiosis on Earth, and is estimated to occur in more than 80% of living land plants (e.g., Cairney 2000; Selosse et al. 2006). It demonstrates the coevolution of the two partners. In fact, this type of mutualistic symbiosis between an alga and fungal partners may have been the necessary prerequisite to the establishment of plant life in the terrestrial realm (Raven 1977; Selosse and Le Tacon 1998). The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate various fungal (in the broad sense, including members of the Oomycota (Peronosporomycetes) and Hyphochytridiomycota) endophytes, and land plant–fungal endophyte interactions from the fossil record. While fungal endophytes can be documented throughout the Phanerozoic, it is the Early Devonian and Carboniferous fossils that have been critically examined systematically. As a result, there are a number of welldocumented examples for endophytic fungal associations with land plants from these periods. We have selected examples that demonstrate endophytic occurrences of fungi in shoot axes