The role of air conditioning in the diffusion of Sars-CoV-2 in indoor environments: A first computational fluid dynamic model, based on investigations performed at the Vatican State Children's hospital.
The role of air conditioning in the diffusion of Sars-CoV-2 in indoor environments: A first computational fluid dynamic model, based on investigations performed at the Vatican State Children's hospital.
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空调在室内环境中SARS-CoV-2传播中的作用：第一个基于梵蒂冈国立儿童医院进行的调查的计算流体动力学模型。
DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2020.110343
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发表时间：
2021-03
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Secinaro A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Borro L;Mazzei L;Raponi M;Piscitelli P;Miani A;Secinaro A
全世界约有1 500万人受到SARS-Cov-2感染的影响，该感染已造成60万人死亡。这种病毒主要通过感染者呼吸道的呼气传播，因此供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统可能在增加或减少室内环境中感染的传播方面发挥作用。我们通过计算流体动力学（CFD）模拟梵蒂冈国家儿童医院的“Bambino Gesstellar”咳嗽，模拟了HVAC系统在传染病扩散中的作用。候诊室和医院房间都被建模为室内场景。使用特定的呼吸指数（η）参数来估计模拟室内情景中每个人吸入的污染空气量。还评估了放置在咳嗽患者口腔上方的排气通风系统的潜在作用。我们基于CFD的模拟候诊室显示，HVAC气流显着增强感染的飞沫扩散在整个室内环境中的25秒内从咳嗽事件，尽管观察到的稀释唾液颗粒含有病毒。同时，由于通过HVAC系统去除或沉积在表面上，它们的数量也减少了。在医院病房中模拟的局部排气通风系统（LEV）的正确使用与咳嗽事件后前0.5秒内从患者口中传播的感染飞沫的完全减少有关。在病房中，LEV系统的使用完全降低了在散布器旁边的床上住院的患者计算的η指数，降低了传染的可能性。基于CFD的室内环境模拟可以用于优化空调流量，并预测医院/门诊和其他公共/私人环境中的传染风险。具有双倍气流的HVAC系统导致房间中的液滴和空气污染物的长距离分布。具有双倍气流速率的HVAC导致比使用标称气流观察到的更大的污染物减少。局部排气通风可减少室内空气中的污染物。
About 15 million people worldwide were affected by the Sars-Cov-2 infection, which already caused 600,000 deaths. This virus is mainly transmitted through exhalations from the airways of infected persons, so that Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems might play a role in increasing or reducing the spreading of the infection in indoor environments. We modeled the role of HVAC systems in the diffusion of the contagion through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of cough at the “Bambino Gesù” Vatican State Children's Hospital. Both waiting and hospital rooms were modeled as indoor scenarios. A specific Infection-Index (η) parameter was used to estimate the amount of contaminated air inhaled by each person present in the simulated indoor scenarios. The potential role of exhaust air ventilation systems placed above the coughing patient's mouth was also assessed. Our CFD-based simulations of the waiting room show that HVAC air-flow remarkably enhances infected droplets diffusion in the whole indoor environment within 25 s from the cough event, despite the observed dilution of saliva particles containing the virus. At the same time also their number is reduced due to removal through the HVAC system or deposition on the surfaces. The proper use of Local Exhaust Ventilation systems (LEV) simulated in the hospital room was associated to a complete reduction of infected droplets spreading from the patient's mouth in the first 0.5 s following the cough event. In the hospital room, the use of LEV system completely reduced the η index computed for the patient hospitalized at the bed next to the spreader, with a decreased possibility of contagion. CFD-based simulations for indoor environment can be useful to optimize air conditioning flow and to predict the contagion risk both in hospitals/ambulatories and in other public/private settings. The HVAC system with doubled airflow results in a long-range distribution of droplets and airborne contaminant in the room. The HVAC with doubled airflow rate results in a greater reduction of contaminants than observed with nominal airflow. The Local Exhaust Ventilation allows a reduction of airborne contaminant within the room.
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