Intermediate and far infrared sensing of nocturnal insects. I. Evidences for a far infrared (FIR) electromagnetic theory of communication and sensing in moths and its relationship to the limiting biosphere of the corn earworm
Intermediate and far infrared sensing of nocturnal insects. I. Evidences for a far infrared (FIR) electromagnetic theory of communication and sensing in moths and its relationship to the limiting biosphere of the corn earworm
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DOI：
10.1093/aesa/58.5.727
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发表时间：
1965-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
CALLAHAN, PHILIP S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
CALLAHAN, PHILIP S.
玉米螟蛾 Heliothis zea (Boddie) 异性个体之间的交流和定位理论。被提出。这种系统的效率与成虫耳虫环境中存在的物理因素有关。玉米穗虫的胸部温度可比环境温度高出 1°F 至 8.8°F，天蛾科、阿博特松狮身人面像、Lapara coniferarum (J. E. Smith) 的胸部温度可比环境温度高出 17.8°F。胸部温度取决于翅膀拍打的频率和幅度。计算得出的与温差相关的远红外（FIR）输出位于 9 至 11 μ 之间，该区域是空气中水蒸气中存在红外传输窗口的区域。耳虫和其他夜行动物在每立方米水的水饱和度（克数）最低的时期飞行。这种情况提高了红外窗口中的传输效率。平方反比定律指出“从点源发出的辐射强度随着源和接收器之间距离的平方反比而变化”：因此，将检测器（例如雄性耳虫）与点能量源（例如雌性耳虫）的距离减半，将使雄性接收到的 FIR 能量增加四倍。 （平方反比定律和远红外水汽窗口的这些因素加上耳虫在该窗口中辐射的事实，得出这样的结论：远红外辐射将是远距离两性之间定位的有效方法。）多年来在不同地区收集的数据表明，当远红外窗口（基于物理天气环境）达到最高效率时，耳虫的交配比例最高。夜蛾活动在 3/5 到满月的月光期间减少，此时来自月球的高远红外辐射预计会干扰飞蛾之间的接收。耳虫触角被证明具有具有远红外谐振器测量和配置的器官。在1-5μ带和6μ带中有用的构型也存在并且可以被调整以用于性释放剂或摄食和宿主植物物质的发射分子的中红外(IIR)拾取。雄性耳虫通过用触角和唇触须感觉第 8 和第 9 腹节来对雌性耳虫做出反应。由于反应是在非常近距离的接触下发生的，因此作者认为这是对释放剂（即识别物质）的反应，而不是对远距离引诱剂的反应。这些证据得出这样的结论：远距离通信和定位是通过远红外辐射实现的，而近距离识别交配和进食是通过 IIR 拾取气味分子实现的。其他种类的夜蛾和天蛾很可能使用类似的通信方式，但本例中使用了玉米穗虫，因为作者收集了有关该物种的大量数据。 ||摘要作者： 作者
A theory of communication and location between individuals of opposite sexes of the corn earworm moth, Heliothis zea (Boddie). is presented. The efficiency of such a system is related to physical factors present in the adult earworm environment. The thoracic temperature of the corn earworm can rise from 1[degree] to 8.8[degree]F above ambient temperature and that of the Sphingidae, Abbot's pine sphinx, Lapara coniferarum (J. E. Smith), 17.8[degree]F above the ambient temperature. Thoracic temperatures depend on frequency and amplitude of wing beat. The calculated far infrared (FIR) output associated with the temperature differential was shown to lie between 9 and 11 [mu], an area where there is an infrared transmission window in the water vapor of the air. The earworm and other noctuids fly during periods when the water saturation in grams per cubic meter of water is lowest. This condition increases efficiency of transmission in the IR window. The inverse square law states that "the intensity of radiation emitted from a point source varies as the inverse square of the distance between the source and the receiver": thus, halving the distance of a detector, e.g., a male earworm, from a point source of energy, e.g., a female earworm, would quadruple the FIR energy received by the male. (These factors of the inverse square law and the FIR water vapor window plus the fact that the earworm radiates in this window, lead to the conclusion that FIR radiation would be an efficient method of location between sexes over great distances.) Data collected over the years and in different areas show that the highest percentage of mating for the earworm occurs when highest efficiency of the FIR window (based on the physical weather environment) was attained. Noctuid activity decreases during moonlight at 3/5 to full moon when high FIR radiation from the moon would be expected to interfere with reception between moths. The earworm antennae were shown to have organs with measurements and configurations of FIR resonators. Configurations useful in the 1-5 [mu] band and 6 [mu] band also are present and may be tuned for intermediate infrared (IIR) pickup of emitting molecules of sex releaser or feeding and host plant substances. The male earworm responds to the female earworm by feeling the 8th and 9th abdominal segments with both antennae and labial palpi. Because the response takes place within very close quarters and upon contact, the author considers it to be a response to a releaser (i.e., an identification substance) and not to a long distance attractant. These evidences lead to the conclusion that long-distance communication and location are by FIR radiation and that close-in identification for mating and feeding is by IIR pickup of scent molecules. In all probability a similar means of communication is used by other species of noctuids and sphingids, but the corn ear-worm is used in this example because the author has collected considerable data on this species. || ABSTRACT AUTHORS: Author