The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana.
The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana.
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DOI：
10.1038/nature13025
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发表时间：
2014-02-13
期刊：
影响因子：
64.8
通讯作者：
Willerslev E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Rasmussen M;Anzick SL;Waters MR;Skoglund P;DeGiorgio M;Stafford TW Jr;Rasmussen S;Moltke I;Albrechtsen A;Doyle SM;Poznik GD;Gudmundsdottir V;Yadav R;Malaspinas AS;White SS 5th;Allentoft ME;Cornejo OE;Tambets K;Eriksson A;Heintzman PD;Karmin M;Korneliussen TS;Meltzer DJ;Pierre TL;Stenderup J;Saag L;Warmuth VM;Lopes MC;Malhi RS;Brunak S;Sicheritz-Ponten T;Barnes I;Collins M;Orlando L;Balloux F;Manica A;Gupta R;Metspalu M;Bustamante CD;Jakobsson M;Nielsen R;Willerslev E
克洛维斯，其独特的双面，刀片和骨质技术，是最古老的广泛的考古复杂的定义在北美，可追溯到11,100至10,700 14 C年BP（13,000至12,600日历年BP）。近50年的考古学研究表明，克洛维斯复合体是在北美冰盖以南从一种古老的技术发展起来的。然而，制造克洛维斯工具的人的起源和遗传遗产仍然存在争议。有人认为，这些人最终来自亚洲，并与当代美洲原住民直接相关。另一种替代性的索鲁特假说认为，克洛维斯的祖先是在末次冰盛期（LGM）从欧洲西南部移民过来的。在这里，我们报告的基因组序列的一个男婴（Anzick-1）恢复从安齐克埋葬地点在蒙大拿州西部。人类骨骼的年代为10，705 ±35 14 C年BP（CAMS-80538; c. 12，707 - 12，556日历年BP），并直接与克洛维斯工具。我们对基因组进行了测序，平均深度为14.4×，并表明从西伯利亚旧石器时代晚期Mal′ta个体到美洲原住民祖先的基因流也被Anzick-1个体共享，因此发生在12，600年BP之前。我们还表明，Anzick-1个人是更密切相关的所有土著美国人口比任何其他群体。我们的数据与Anzick-1属于许多当代美洲原住民的直接祖先的假设是一致的。最后，我们发现证据表明，在Anzick-1个体出现之前，美洲原住民群体中存在着深刻的分歧。
Clovis, with its distinctive biface, blade and osseous technologies, is the oldest widespread archaeological complex defined in North America, dating from 11,100 to 10,700 14C years BP (13,000 to 12,600 calendar years BP). Nearly fifty years of archaeological research point to the Clovis complex as having developed south of the North American ice sheets from an ancestral technology. However, both the origins and genetic legacy of the people who manufactured Clovis tools remain debated. It is argued that these people ultimately derived from Asia and were directly related to contemporary Native Americans. An alternative, Solutrean, hypothesis posits that the Clovis predecessors immigrated from Southwestern Europe during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Here, we report the genome sequence of a male infant (Anzick-1) recovered from the Anzick burial site in western Montana. The human bones date to 10,705±35 14C years BP (CAMS-80538; c. 12,707–12,556 calendar years BP) and were directly associated with Clovis tools. We sequenced the genome to an average depth of 14.4× and show that the gene flow from the Siberian Upper Palaeolithic Mal′ta individual into Native American ancestors is also shared by the Anzick-1 individual and thus happened prior to 12,600 years BP. We also show that the Anzick-1 individual is more closely related to all indigenous American populations than to any other group. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that Anzick-1 belonged to a population directly ancestral to many contemporary Native Americans. Finally, we find evidence of a deep divergence in Native American populations that pre-dates the Anzick-1 individual.