Population screening and transmission experiments indicate paramyxid-microsporidian co-infection in Echinogammarus marinus represents a non-hyperparasitic relationship between specific parasite strains.
Population screening and transmission experiments indicate paramyxid-microsporidian co-infection in Echinogammarus marinus represents a non-hyperparasitic relationship between specific parasite strains.
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DOI：
10.1038/s41598-018-22276-y
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发表时间：
2018-03-16
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Ford AT
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Guler Y;Short S;Green Etxabe A;Kille P;Ford AT
系统发育上亲缘关系较远的寄生虫常常感染同一宿主。实际上，共感染发生的频率可能高于随机预期，有时还会出现重寄生现象。端足目动物海洋钩虾（Echinogammarus marinus）存在两种细胞内且垂直传播的寄生虫的高水平共感染情况，这两种寄生虫分别是一种副黏病毒（Paramarteilia sp. Em）和一种微孢子虫株（Dictyocoela duebenum Em）。这种共感染可能是重寄生的，是由寄生虫之间的一种剥削性“搭便车”行为或共生关系导致的。然而，研究最为深入的端足目物种通常是从受污染的环境中采集的，可能存在免疫受损的情况。受到免疫挑战的动物经常出现共感染，接触污染物的端足目动物微孢子虫感染水平显著更高。这表明海洋钩虾的共感染可能是由与污染物相关的免疫受损导致的。与重寄生现象不符的是，我们发现人工感染时副黏病毒可以单独传播而没有微孢子虫。我们的种群调查显示共感染关系在地理上分布广泛，但发现副黏病毒与另一种微孢子虫（Dictyocoela berillonum）之间只是偶然共感染。此外，我们还确定了一种副黏病毒单倍型，即使在其他情况下共感染水平较高的种群中，它也不存在共感染情况。总体而言，我们的研究结果不支持免疫受损假说，而是表明海洋钩虾的共感染虽然不是重寄生的，但却是特定的副黏病毒和Dictyocoela duebenum株之间的一种关系导致的。
Phylogenetically distant parasites often infect the same host. Indeed, co-infections can occur at levels greater than expected by chance and are sometimes hyperparasitic. The amphipod Echinogammarus marinus presents high levels of co-infection by two intracellular and vertically transmitted parasites, a paramyxid (Paramarteilia sp. Em) and a microsporidian strain (Dictyocoela duebenum Em). This co-infection may be hyperparasitic and result from an exploitative ‘hitchhiking’ or a symbiotic relationship between the parasites. However, the best-studied amphipod species are often collected from contaminated environments and may be immune-compromised. Immune-challenged animals frequently present co-infections and contaminant-exposed amphipods present significantly higher levels of microsporidian infection. This suggests the co-infections in E. marinus may result from contaminant-associated compromised immunity. Inconsistent with hyperparasitism, we find that artificial infections transmit Paramarteilia without microsporidian. Our population surveys reveal the co-infection relationship is geographically widespread but find only chance co-infection between the Paramarteilia and another species of microsporidian, Dictyocoela berillonum. Furthermore, we identify a haplotype of the Paramarteilia that presents no co-infection, even in populations with otherwise high co-infection levels. Overall, our results do not support the compromised-immunity hypothesis but rather that the co-infection of E. marinus, although non-hyperparasitic, results from a relationship between specific Paramarteilia and Dictyocoela duebenum strains.
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DOI：
10.1098/rspb.2004.2793
发表时间：
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影响因子：
4.7
作者：
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通讯作者：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
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影响因子：
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