“Effective” Number of Parties
“Effective” Number of Parties
复制标题
“有效”缔约方数量
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1979
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Taagepera
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
M. Laakso;R. Taagepera
《政党数量：西欧的应用措施》Laakso，Markku;Taagepera，Rein Comparative Political Studies; Apr 1，1979; 12，1; Proouest pg.3“不稳定”政党数量西欧适用的衡量标准MARKKU LAAKSO赫尔辛基大学REIN TAAGEPERA加州大学欧文分校I '大量的政党注定会破坏政治体系的稳定（Duverger，1954）或不是（例如，Lijphart，1968; Nilson，1974）？在回答这一问题之前，必须在考虑到各方相对规模的情况下，在实际操作中界定各方的数目。如果人们想发现随着时间的推移政党数量的减少或增加的趋势，或者选举规则的拟议变化的影响，也需要这样的数字。本文介绍了计算这一重要政治变量的方法，计算了1944年后15个西欧国家的142次选举，并分析了其对稳定的可能影响。我们经常谈到两党制和多党制。我们进一步区分了一些国家的三党制或四党制，甚至谈到（例如）。例如，在一个实施例中，Blondel，1969：535）的两个和一个半的政党制度时，有一个边际规模的第三党。墨西哥可以被视为一党半制，因为PR 1比其他所有政党都大得多。人们显然需要一个考虑到其相对规模的数目，而不是考虑所有现有政党的数目，甚至包括最小的政党。我们将把这个数字称为“有效的当事人人数”，使用“有效”这个词。压力集团的文献在谈论“有效访问”时使用了这个词（杜鲁门，195]：506），但在操作意义上，物理学家在谈论有效电流时甚至更多地使用了这个词（理查兹等人，1960：594），比较政治研究。第一卷第二期1979年4月3-27 © I979 Sage Publications. Inc.版权所有（c）2000贝尔和豪厄尔信息和学习公司版权所有（c）塞奇公司。
The qEffectiveq Number of Parties: qA Measure with Application to West Europeq Laakso, Markku;Taagepera, Rein Comparative Political Studies; Apr 1, 1979; 12, 1; Proouest pg. 3 “EFFECTIVE” NUMBER OF PARTIES A Measure with Application to West Europe MARKKU LAAKSO University of Helsinki REIN TAAGEPERA University of California, Irvine I s a large number of parties bound to destabilize a political system (Duverger, 1954) or is it not (e.g., Lijphart, 1968; Nilson, 1974)? Before this question can be answered, the number of parties must be operationally defined in a way that takes into account their relative size. Such a number is also needed if one wants to detect trends toward fewer or more numerous parties over time, or the effects of a proposed change in electoral rules. This article presents ways to calculate this important political variable, calculates it for I42 post-1944 elections in 15 West European countries, and analyzes its possible effect on stability. We often talk of two-party and multiparty systems. We further dis- tinguish three~ or four—party systems in some countries, and even talk (e. g., Blondel, 1969: 535) of a two-and-a-half-party system whenthere is a third party of marginal size. Mexico could be viewed as a one-and-a- half-party system because the PR1 is so much larger than all other parties. Rather than take the number of all existing parties, including even the very smallest, one visibly has a need for a number that takes into account their relative size. We will call this number the “effective number of parties,” using the word “effectiveq somewhat in the sense pressure group literature uses it when talking about “effective access” (Truman, 195]: 506), but even more in the operational sense physicists give it when they talk about effective current (Richards et al., 1960: 594), COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES. Vol. I2 No. I. April 1979 3-27 © I979 Sage Publications. Inc. Copyright (c) 2000 Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company Copyright (c) Sage Inc.