Manual of Leaf Architecture
Manual of Leaf Architecture
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DOI：
10.1600/036364409790139682
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发表时间：
2009-12
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. C. Keating
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. C. Keating
与分类学本身一样，植物结构研究的应用一直受益于有组织的命名法和描述协议的发展。20世纪30年代由国际木材解剖学家协会命名委员会编纂的术语表，通过在不断增长的文献中提供可比的描述，极大地刺激了该领域的研究。当希基（1973）关于树叶结构的原始论文在《美国植物学杂志》上发表时，许多形态学家，尤其是古植物学家，很快就看到了这个新工具的价值。根据Von Ettingshausen（1861）最初构思的术语，Hickey（1979）使用他开发的大量清除叶子收集的例子扩展和说明了不熟悉的术语。Hickey和Wolfe（1975）将该方案叠加在一般双词分类上，从而清楚地展示了其在进化研究中的潜力。1999年，6位作者出版了《叶子架构手册》，他们组成了叶子架构工作组（Ash et al. 1999）。词汇表和方案被扩大，并包括许多字符发生在网脉单子叶。目前正在审查的这一卷是迄今为止最全面的。版式为8 1/2“x 11”格式，可以清晰地展示插图术语，包括图纸、图表和清晰的叶子照片。简明的介绍给出了叶建筑研究的历史，参考文献列表包括许多来自现存和化石植物的文献应用实例。作者指出，关于单子叶还有很多需要学习的地方，而且该系统对该群体来说还不完整。术语组织围绕三大类：叶字符，脉字符和齿字符。这些术语不仅仅是术语表，而是按照建议的描述顺序组织和概述的。附录A以提纲的形式进行了总结。附录B给出了一个示例工作表，从中可以对叶子特征进行评分或描述。如果对该系统的适用性仍有疑问，请参考附录中的优秀教程。18张完成的不同的例子包括整片叶子的微距照片，加上牙齿和精细脉纹模式的放大视图。在每个面对页是完成的工作表和最终的文字说明。附录C包含了350多张清理过的树叶照片中大部分的凭证数据，并按数字键输入。然而，少数数字缺乏这些数据。附录D给出了清理树叶的建议程序，作者列出了描述其他技术的参考文献。我要指出的是，对于许多物种，使用解剖显微镜和强烈的亚级照明，可以从新鲜或干燥的叶子上记录许多数据。长期以来，我一直认为绝大多数被子植物属和许多种都可以通过它们的叶片特征来区分，并对这个已有36年历史的方案很少被整合到分类描述中感到遗憾。叶子是植物生存的第一线，比生殖器官存在的时间长得多，值得仔细地描述。手边有了这个极好的工具，就再也没有任何借口了。
As with taxonomy itself, the utility of plant structural studies has always benefited from the development of organized nomenclature and descriptive protocols. The glossary compiled in the 1930s by the Committee of Nomenclature of the International Association of Wood Anatomists greatly stimulated research in that field by providing comparable descriptions across a growing literature. When Hickey’s (1973) original, well-illustrated paper on leaf architecture appeared in the American Journal of Botany , many morphologists, and especially paleobotanists, were quick to see the value of this new tool. Based on terminology originally conceived by Von Ettingshausen (1861) , Hickey (1979) expanded and illustrated the unfamiliar terms using examples taken from a large cleared leaf collection that he developed. Hickey and Wolfe (1975) superimposed the scheme on general dicot classification, thereby clearly demonstrating its potential in evolutionary studies. In 1999, the Manual of Leaf Architecture was published by six authors who formed the Leaf Architecture Working Group ( Ash et al. 1999 ). The glossary and scheme were expanded and included many characters that occur in net-veined monocot leaves. The volume now under review is the most comprehensive yet. The layout, in 8 1/2” x 11” format, allows clear presentation of the illustrated terminology, which includes drawings, diagrams and cleared leaf photographs. The concise introduction gives the history of leaf architecture studies, and the reference list includes numerous applied examples from the literature covering extant as well as fossil plants. The authors note that much remains to be learned regarding monocot leaves and the system is not yet complete for that group. The terminology is organized around three general categories: leaf characters, vein characters, and tooth characters. Far more than a glossary, the terms are organized and outlined according to a suggested descriptive sequence. Appendix A summarizes it in outline form. Appendix B gives a sample worksheet from which one can score or describe leaf features. If any doubts remain regarding the system’s applicability, the appendix follows with an excellent tutorial. Eighteen finished, diverse examples include whole leaf macro photographs, plus magnified views of teeth and fine venation patterns. On each facing page is a finished worksheet and final text description. Appendix C includes voucher data for most of the more than 350 cleared leaf photographs, keyed by figure number. However, a few figures lack these data. Appendix D gives a suggested procedure for clearing leaves and the authors list references that describe other techniques. I would note that for many species, much data can be recorded from a fresh or dried leaf using a dissection microscope and strong substage illumination. I have long held that the large majority of angiosperm genera and numerous species can be distinguished by their leaf characters, and lament the fact that this scheme, now available for 36 yr, has been so little integrated into taxonomic descriptions. Leaves, the first line of plant survival, are present for much longer periods than reproductive organs and deserve to be carefully characterized. With this superb tool at hand there is no longer any excuse.