The weaker sex is heterogametic: 75 years of Haldane's rule.
The weaker sex is heterogametic: 75 years of Haldane's rule.
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弱势性别是异配：霍尔丹统治 75 年。
DOI：
10.1093/genetics/147.3.937
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发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Laurie,CC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Laurie,CC
J. B. S. HALDANE (1892-1964) 在理论群体遗传学领域，特别是自然选择的动力学领域，对生物学做出了最大的贡献。他与 R. A. FISHER 和 SEWALL WRIGHT 一起被认为是群体遗传学的奠基人之一，也是现代综合进化论发展的主要参与者。仅凭这项工作，WANE 就被认定为二十世纪最伟大的科学家之一，但他还在酶动力学（BRIGGS-HALDANE 方程）、生化遗传学、生理学、生物统计学、连锁（第一个绘图函数）、人类突变率和生命起源等众多领域做出了重要贡献（WHITE 1965；CROW 1992）。他还注意到并描述了一种有趣的进化模式，后来被称为霍尔丹法则。 HALDANE 最早的论文之一（1922 年）是关于动物物种之间的杂交中性别特异性的不可生存性和不育性的文献数据的汇编。对 45 种鳞翅目动物、10 种鸟类和 6 种哺乳动物杂交以及其他几种动物杂交的分析，使他制定了一条“规则”，只有一两个已知的例外：“当两个不同动物种族的 F1 后代中，一种性别不存在、稀有或不育时，该性别就是杂合[异配]性别。”在鸟类和鳞翅目动物中，雌性（已知是异配的）通常无法生存或不育，而在哺乳动物中，异配的雄性则更容易受到影响。 在他 1922 年的论文中，HALDANE 陈述了 A. H. STURTEVANT 的早期建议，即一种性别的缺乏可能是由于无法生存或性转变造成的。他指出，STURTEVANT 已在果蝇杂交中表现出对雄性幼虫的致命性，而 GOLD-SCHMIDT 和 HARRISON 已在蛾杂交中表现出部分性转变。他认识到遗传不相容性可能会导致杂种无法生存，但没有明确解释为什么异配性别会更频繁地受到影响。关于性转变，他认为同配性别中性别决定因素的不平衡不会那么严重，因为“两个2的影响
J. B. S. HALDANE (1892-1964) made his greatest con-tributions to biology in the area of theoretical population genetics, especially the dynamics of natural selection. Along with R. A. FISHER and SEWALL WRIGHT, he is considered one of the founding fathers ofpopulation genetics and a major player in the development of the modern synthetic theory of evolution. This work alone identifies WANE as one of the great scientists of the twentieth century, but he also made important contributions in an amazing variety of areas including enzyme kinetics (the BRIGGS-HALDANE equation), biochemical genetics, physiology, biostatistics, linkage (the first mapping function), mutation rates in humans, and the origin of life (WHITE 1965; CROW 1992). He also noticed and described an interesting evolutionary pattern that came to be known as HALDANE’S rule. One of HALDANE’s earliest papers (1922) is a compilation of data from the literature on sex-specific inviability and sterility in hybrids between animal species. An analysis of 45 Lepidopteran, 10 bird, and six mammalian crosses, as well as a few other types of animal hybrids, led him to formulate a “rule” with only one or two known exceptions:“When in the F1 offspring of two different animal races one sex is absent, rare, or sterile, that sex is the heterozygous [heterogametic] sex.” In birds and Lepidopterans, females (known to be heterogametic) were more often inviable or sterile, while in mammals the heterogametic males were more often affected.In his 1922 paper, HALDANE stated an earlier suggestion of A. H. STURTEVANT that a deficiency of one sex might be due to inviability or to sexual transformation. He noted that STURTEVANT had demonstrated lethality of male larvae in a Drosophila cross, while GOLD-SCHMIDT and HARRISON had shown partial sexual transformation in moth hybrids. He recognized that genetic incompatibilities may result in inviability in hybrids, but did not offer a clear explanation of why the heterogametic sex would be affected more often. With regard to sexual transformation, he suggested that an imbalance of sexdetermining factors would be less serious in the homogametic sex, since “the effect of the two 2