EFFECTS OF EXPLOITATION AND PROTECTION ON FOREST STRUCTURE, UNGULATE DENSITY AND WOLF PREDATION IN BIALOWIEZA PRIMEVAL FOREST, POLAND
EFFECTS OF EXPLOITATION AND PROTECTION ON FOREST STRUCTURE, UNGULATE DENSITY AND WOLF PREDATION IN BIALOWIEZA PRIMEVAL FOREST, POLAND
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DOI：
10.2307/2404157
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发表时间：
1994-11-01
影响因子：
5.7
通讯作者：
MILKOWSKI, L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
JEDRZEJEWSKA, B;OKARMA, H;MILKOWSKI, L
1.比亚洛维萨原始森林（作为比亚洛维萨国家公园保护，47.5 km（2））的原始部分主要是落叶树木（主要是橡树栎、角木鹅耳枥、青柠和枫树）（森林面积的72.5%）。树木的平均年龄为130年。自1915年以来，比亚洛维萨原始森林（530公里（2））的管理部分一直被大量开采木材。林业实践减少了落叶成熟林的面积（目前占面积的46%），并大大增加了针叶林。森林松和云杉是最广泛移植的树种。这些林分的平均年龄为72年。五种有蹄类动物栖息在比亚洛维萨原始森林中：红鹿马鹿、梅花鹿、驼鹿、欧洲野牛、野牛和野猪。原始林冬季总密度为13-41（平均28）只/km ~（-2），总生物量为1104-3338 kg，平均2286 kg;开发林冬季总密度为11-24（平均15）只/km ~（-2），总生物量为1000-1654 kg，平均1238 kg。原始林中以红鹿和野猪为优势种，平均分别占有蹄类动物总数的43%和51%，而开发林中以红鹿和狍为优势种，平均分别占有蹄类动物总数的39%和27%.在比亚洛维萨森林的11个调查样地中，有蹄动物单位面积生物量的变异有71%可由落叶乔木林和成熟林（>80年）的比例两个因子解释。这两个因子均与有蹄类动物的丰度呈正相关.狼（Canis lupus）选择性地捕食红鹿，并在随机的基础上比预期的更少地捕食野猪。与原始森林相比，在被开发的森林中，鹿更容易成为狼的猎物，在那里，鹿是群落中数量第二多的有蹄类动物。在原始和开发的森林比亚洛维萨与其他6个林地在波兰的数据有蹄类动物密度的比较表明，单位面积的有蹄类动物的总生物量与落叶林面积的百分比呈正相关。落叶林中的高食物供应（牧草供应、橡子作物、土壤无脊椎动物）是决定波兰低地森林有蹄类动物丰度的主要因素。由于林业做法（有利于松树和云杉的造林），落叶林的“北方化”正在降低其承载能力，特别是对红鹿和野猪。
1. The pristine part of the Bialowieza Primeval Forest (protected as Bialowieza National Park, 47.5 km(2)) is dominated by stands of deciduous trees (mainly oak Quercus robur, hornbeam Carpinus betulus, lime Tilia cordata, and maple Acer platanoides) (72.5% of forested area). The average age of the tree stands is 130 years. The managed part of the Bialowieza Primeval Forest (530 km(2)) has been heavily exploited for timber since 1915. Forestry practices have reduced the area of deciduous mature stands (currently 46% of area) and have greatly increased young-age coniferous stands. Pine Pinus silvestris and spruce Picea abies are the most widely replantated species. The average age of these tree stands is 72 years.2. Five species of ungulates inhabit Bialowieza Primeval Forest: red deer Cervus elaphus, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, moose Alces alces, European bison Bison bonasus, and wild boar Sus scrofa. Their total density in winter was 13-41 (mean 28) individuals km(-2) (total biomass 1104-3338 kg, mean 2286 kg) in the pristine forests, and 11-24 (mean 15) individuals km(-2) (total biomass 1000-1654 kg, mean 1238 kg) in the exploited forests. In pristine forests, red deer and wild boar were dominant (on average 43% and 51% of total number of ungulates, respectively), while in the exploited forests, red deer and roe deer were the dominant species (39% and 27%).3. Two factors, the percentage of deciduous tree stands and the percentage of mature stands (>80 years), in the 11 censused sections of Bialowieza Forest explained 71% of the variation in ungulate biomass per unit area. Both factors positively correlated with ungulate abundance.4. Wolves (Canis lupus) preyed selectively on red deer and took fewer wild boar than expected on a random basis. Roe deer fell prey to wolves relatively more often in the exploited forests, where it was the second most numerous ungulate in the community, than in the pristine forests.5. Comparison of ungulate densities in the pristine and exploited forests of Bialowieza with the data for six other woodlands in Poland showed that the total biomass of ungulates per unit area was positively correlated with the percentage area of deciduous forest sites. High food availability in deciduous forests (browse supply, acorn crop, soil invertebrates) is the main factor in determining the abundance of ungulates in Polish lowland forests. 'Borealization' of deciduous forests due to forestry practices (favouring pine and spruce in silviculture) is diminishing their carrying capacity, especially for red deer and wild boar.