Enabling Cold Compressed Air Energy Storage through Pressure Vessel Manufacture with Autofrettage
Enabling Cold Compressed Air Energy Storage through Pressure Vessel Manufacture with Autofrettage
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DOI：
10.1109/oses.2019.8867162
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发表时间：
2019-07
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
J. Rouse;S. Garvey;B. Cárdenas;A. Hoskin;W. Xu
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文献类型：
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作者：
J. Rouse;S. Garvey;B. Cárdenas;A. Hoskin;W. Xu
压缩空气是一种有吸引力的储能解决方案，可以解决与运行具有高水平可再生能源渗透率的大型电网相关的许多问题。该技术的成熟性使压缩空气成为电池的可靠且廉价的替代品，特别适用于海上发电。如果地质替代方案（如溶液开采盐穴）不可用或无法在特定部署中挖掘，则必须使用储罐（压力容器）。罐通常是昂贵的，但是如果利用空气的“真实的气体效应”，则有可能实现每单位有效能存储成本的显著改进（超过50%）。实际空气特性依赖性带来的经济效益依赖于在约−40°C的低温下储存空气。在这个温度范围内，人们对普通压力容器材料的完整性提出了担忧;在许多BCC（体心立方）钢中观察到从韧性到脆性失效模式的转变，这限制了容器中“安全”（非传播）缺陷的大小，并增加了快速断裂/灾难性失效的可能性。自增强是一种制造工艺，其中通过在制造过程中对气缸过度加压而在压力容器的内壁处引起有益的压缩应力状态。与没有经历自增强处理的相同容器相比，自增强处理允许在设计中安全地容纳更大的瑕疵或缺陷（例如裂纹）。在这项工作中，自增强研究作为一种方法，可以允许冷压缩空气能量存储实现。安全操作压力和温度是为经过自增强处理的容器确定的。然后将这些与更“简单”的容器设计（即没有自增强）的类似计算进行比较，并为采用冷压缩空气储存开发经济参数。成本计算（每单位储存的有效能成本）对容器自增强所需的额外努力并不敏感（由于所涉及的压力水平）。
Compressed air is an attractive energy storage solution that can address many of the problems associated with operating large electricity grids with high levels of renewable penetration. The mature nature of the technology makes compressed air a robust and cheap alternative to batteries that is particularly applicable to offshore generation. Storage tanks (pressure vessels) must be utilised if geological alternatives, such as solution mined salt caverns, are not available or cannot be excavated in a particular deployment. Tanks are typically expensive, however it is possible to realise significant improvements (over 50%) in cost per unit exergy stored if “real gas effects” of air are exploited. Economic benefits resulting from realistic air property dependencies rely on storing air at low temperatures, circa −40°C. In this temperature range concerns are raised over the integrity of common pressure vessel materials; a transition from ductile to brittle failure modes is observed in many BCC (body centred cubic) steels that limits the size of “safe” (non-propagating) flaws in the vessel and increases the potential for fast fracture/catastrophic failure. Autofrettage is a manufacturing process in which a beneficial compressive stress state at the internal wall of a pressure vessel is induced by over pressurising the cylinder during manufacture. Autofretteage allows larger flaws or defects (such as cracks) to be safely accommodated in a design, compared to an identical vessel that has not undergone autofrettage. In this work autofrettage is investigated as a method which can allow cold compressed air energy storage to be realised. Safe operating pressures and temperatures are determined for vessels that have undergone autofrettage. These are then compared to similar calculations for more “simple” vessel designs (i.e. without autofrettage) and economic arguments are developed for the adoption of cold compressed air storage. Costings (cost per unit exergy stored) are not significantly sensitive to the additional effort required to autofrettage a vessel (due to the pressure levels involved).