Exposing Photo Manipulation with Inconsistent Reflections
Exposing Photo Manipulation with Inconsistent Reflections
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DOI：
10.1145/2077341.2077345
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Farid, Hany
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
O'Brien, James F.;Farid, Hany
先进的照片编辑软件的出现使处理数字图像变得越来越容易。通常，目视检查无法明确区分所得到的照片与真实照片。作为回应，法医技术已经出现，以检测几何或统计不一致，导致从特定形式的照片处理。在这篇文章中，我们描述了一种新的取证技术，重点是几何不一致时出现的假反射被插入到一张照片，或当一张照片包含反射被操纵。该分析采用反射几何和线性透视投影的基本规则，对场景几何做出最小的假设，并且仅要求用户识别对象及其反射上的对应点。该分析对常见的图像编辑操作（如重新排序、颜色处理和有损压缩）也不敏感。我们用我们自己创造的视觉上合理的模型和商业化生产的模型来演示这种技术。
The advent of sophisticated photo editing software has made it increasingly easier to manipulate digital images. Often visual inspection cannot definitively distinguish the resulting forgeries from authentic photographs. In response, forensic techniques have emerged to detect geometric or statistical inconsistencies that result from specific forms of photo manipulation. In this article we describe a new forensic technique that focuses on geometric inconsistencies that arise when fake reflections are inserted into a photograph or when a photograph containing reflections is manipulated. This analysis employs basic rules of reflective geometry and linear perspective projection, makes minimal assumptions about the scene geometry, and only requires the user to identify corresponding points on an object and its reflection. The analysis is also insensitive to common image editing operations such as resampling, color manipulations, and lossy compression. We demonstrate this technique with both visually plausible forgeries of our own creation and commercially produced forgeries.