Elements of episodic-like memory in animals
Elements of episodic-like memory in animals
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.2001.0947
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发表时间：
2001-09-29
影响因子：
6.3
通讯作者：
Dickinson, A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Clayton, NS;Griffiths, DP;Dickinson, A
许多心理学家认为，情景记忆是人类独有的现象，而且直到最近，几乎没有证据表明动物能够回忆起独特的过去经历并做出恰当反应。对灌丛鸦食物贮藏记忆的实验对这一假设提出了质疑。基于一次贮藏事件，灌丛鸦能够记住它们在何时何地贮藏了各种不同变质速度的食物，其方式无法用相对熟悉程度来解释。它们能够根据是否清空了贮藏地点来更新对贮藏物内容的记忆，还能记住另一只鸟藏食物的地点，这表明它们对贮藏事件进行了丰富的表征。它们对易腐物品何时变质做出时间上的推断，并且当同一种食物在不同时间藏在不同地点时，还能记住自贮藏以来的相对时间。这些结果表明，灌丛鸦对贮藏的地点、内容和时间形成了综合记忆。这种记忆能力符合图尔文提出的情景记忆的行为标准，因此被称为“类情景记忆”。我们认为，情景记忆的一些特征可能并非人类所独有。
A number of psychologists have suggested that episodic memory is a uniquely human phenomenon and, until recently, there vas little evidence that animals could recall a unique past experience and respond appropriately. Experiments on food-caching memory in scrub jays question this assumption. On the basis of a single caching episode, scrub jays can remember when and where they cached a variety of foods that differ in the rate at which they degrade, in a way that is inexplicable by relative familiarity. They can update their memory of the contents of a cache depending on whether or not they have emptied the cache site, and can also remember where another bird has hidden caches, suggesting that they encode rich representations of the caching event. They make temporal generalizations about Mien perishable items should degrade and also remember the relative time since caching NN,hen the same food is cached in distinct sites at different times. These results show that jays form integrated memories for the location, content and time of caching. This memory capability fulfils Tulving's behavioural criteria for episodic memory and is thus termed 'episodic-like'. We suggest that several features of episodic memory may not be unique to humans.