Invariances in the architecture of pride across small-scale societies
Invariances in the architecture of pride across small-scale societies
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1808418115
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发表时间：
2018-08-14
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Tooby, John
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Sznycer, Daniel;Xygalatas, Dimitris;Tooby, John
成为群体成员的重要成员，以便在需要的时候吸引援助，这是一个主要的适应问题。为了解决这个问题，个人需要一个预测图，来判断其他人对不同行为的评价程度，这样，在选择如何行动时，其他人对潜在行动的评价所产生的回报（例如，通过追求难以获得的猎物项目来向乐队成员展示一个人是熟练的觅食者）可以被添加到动作的直接回报（例如，获得捕获的猎物的营养）。骄傲系统似乎包含了解决这个适应性问题所需的所有元素。重要的是，来自西方化、受过教育、工业化、富裕和民主（WEIRD）社会的数据表明，自豪感和观众的评价之间存在密切的定量对应关系。这些结果是否能推广到工业化大众社会之外？为了找到答案，我们在分散在中南美洲、非洲和亚洲的10个小规模社会的567名参与者中进行了一项实验：（i）尼加拉瓜的Bosawas保护区;（ii）厄瓜多尔的科托帕希;（iii）摩洛哥的德拉-塔菲拉莱;（iv）尼日利亚的埃努古;（v）毛里求斯的勒莫恩;（vi）毛里求斯的拉戈莱特;（vii）俄罗斯的图瓦;（viii）中国的陕西和河南;（ix）日本的农业社区;及（x）日本的渔业社区。尽管语言、文化和生存模式差异很大，但每个社区的自豪感都密切跟踪了当地观众的评价（平均r = + 0.66），甚至跨社区观众的评价（平均r = + 0.29）。这表明，自豪感系统不仅在所有地方都发展了相同的功能架构，而且在其内容中具有相当程度的普遍性。
Becoming valuable to fellow group members so that one would attract assistance in times of need is a major adaptive problem. To solve it, the individual needs a predictive map of the degree to which others value different acts so that, in choosing how to act, the payoff arising from others' valuation of a potential action (e.g., showing bandmates that one is a skilled forager by pursuing a hard-to-acquire prey item) can be added to the direct payoff of the action (e.g., gaining the nutrients of the prey captured). The pride system seems to incorporate all of the elements necessary to solve this adaptive problem. Importantly, data from western(-ized), educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies indicate close quantitative correspondences between pride and the valuations of audiences. Do those results generalize beyond industrial mass societies? To find out, we conducted an experiment among 567 participants in 10 small-scale societies scattered across Central and South America, Africa, and Asia: (i) Bosawas Reserve, Nicaragua; (ii) Cotopaxi, Ecuador; (iii) Draa-Tafilalet, Morocco; (iv) Enugu, Nigeria; (v) Le Morne, Mauritius; (vi) La Gaulette, Mauritius; (vii) Tuva, Russia; (viii) Shaanxi and Henan, China; (ix) farming communities in Japan; and (x) fishing communities in Japan. Despitewidely varying languages, cultures, and subsistence modes, pride in each community closely tracked the valuation of audiences locally (mean r = + 0.66) and even across communities (mean r = + 0.29). This suggests that the pride system not only develops the same functional architecture everywhere but also operates with a substantial degree of universality in its content.