Land use, the environment and development in post-socialist Mongolia
Land use, the environment and development in post-socialist Mongolia
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后社会主义蒙古的土地利用、环境与发展
DOI：
10.1080/1360081032000146627
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发表时间：
2003
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
D. Sneath
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Sneath
本文介绍了经济政策，改变了畜牧业在后社会主义蒙古国，其对畜牧业土地利用的影响。这些政策反映了亚洲开发银行发展经济学家的影响力，他们一直在为蒙古政府提供建议，他们坚信土地的专有私有权是有效的农村市场经济的必要先决条件。这些假设与蒙古土著人对土地权利的观念形成鲜明对比，政策辩论反映了蒙古环境知识的争议性质。然而，有证据表明，这些土地分配政策非但没有防止对资源基础的破坏，反而可能实际上加剧了牧场退化的问题。本文认为，这种政策揭示了对蒙古畜牧业的性质和过去使其可行的条件的误解。虽然国际发展机构推崇蒙古“传统”的浪漫化概念，认为它反映了“对自然的尊重”，但直到最近才成功地开展畜牧业的实际机构却很少受到重视，而这些机构是蒙古畜牧知识的具体体现。环保主义者的议程反映了一种熟悉的西方利益，即促进西方自然资源保护主义意识形态，建立和扩大保护区，以保护野生动物和生物多样性。蒙古人的做法往往被视为“传统”，被用于更大的保护目标，如西方所设想的那样，而不是被视为更广泛的社会和政治制度的一部分。
This paper describes the economic policies that have transformed the pastoral sector in post-socialist Mongolia, and their impact on pastoral land use. These policies reflect the influence of development economists from the Asian Development Bank who have been advising the Mongolian government, and their conviction that exclusive private rights to land are a necessary precondition of an efficient rural market economy. These assumptions stand in marked contrast to indigenous Mongolian conceptions of rights over land, and the policy debate reflects the contested nature of knowledge of the Mongolian environment. However, far from preventing damage to the resource base, evidence suggests that these policies of land allocations may actually be exacerbating problems of pasture degradation. This paper argues that policies of this kind reveal a misunderstanding of the nature of Mongolian pastoralism and the conditions that have made it viable in the past. Although international development agencies lionize a romanticized notion of Mongolian “traditions” as reflecting a “respect for nature”, there is little appreciation of the actual institutions that successfully conducted pastoralism until recently, the concrete embodiment of Mongolian pastoral knowledge. Environmentalist agendas reflect a familiar western interest in promoting western conservationist ideology and establishing and expanding protected areas to harbour wildlife and biodiversity. Mongolian practices tend to be cast as “traditions” to be utilized for the greater goal of conservation as conceived of in western terms, rather than seen as part of wider social and political institutions of land use.