Evidence of Motivational Influences in Early Visual Perception
Evidence of Motivational Influences in Early Visual Perception
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早期视觉感知中动机影响的证据
DOI：
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
C. Clément
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作者：
Rémi Radel;C. Clément
布鲁纳(Bruner，1957)的感知新面貌方法认为，感知是一个基于几个自上而下的因素的建设性过程，如个人的期望、需要和欲望。新面貌时代的许多经典实验都为动机对知觉的影响提供了引人注目的例证。例如，他们发现，贫穷的儿童倾向于高估硬币的大小(Bruner&Goodman，1947)，饥饿的人倾向于高估食物图片的亮度(Gilchrist&Nesberg，1952)。这一研究路线并非没有受到批评(例如，Erdelyi，1974；McCurdy，1956)，但最近的实验在很大程度上证实了它的有效性(Aart，Dijksterhuis，&de Vries，2001；Balcetis&Dunning，2006,2010)。尽管有证据表明动机对知觉有影响，但在知觉过程中，动机的影响在什么时候发生仍然是未知的。视觉感知通常被认为是一个从纯知觉阶段(即早期视觉)开始的连续过程，在这个阶段，特征是在大脑的视觉处理区域中提取的。早期视觉之后是知觉后的决定阶段，在这个阶段，知觉输出被归类。传统上，自上而下的影响被认为只影响决策阶段，而早期视觉被描述为认知上难以理解的(例如，Pylyshyn，1999；Riesenuber&Poggio，2000)。然而，与更高水平的表征可以通过调节过程塑造知觉阶段的观点一致(Schyns，Goldstone，&Thibaut，1998)，最近的研究揭示了自上而下对知觉加工的影响(例如，注意(Carrasco，Ling，&Read，2004)和概念类别(Lupyan，Thompson-Schill，&Swingley，2010)的影响)。在这里，我们报道了一项旨在测试动机是否也能渗透和指导早期视觉加工的研究。以前所有关于动机对知觉影响的研究都采用了清晰可见的刺激：在大多数这些研究中，研究人员只是观察了模糊的刺激是如何被解释的。相比之下，在这项实验中，我们监测了有意识地接触到掩蔽的视觉刺激。这使我们能够专注于无意识发生的早期知觉编码阶段。灵感来自Gaillard等人使用的方法。(2006)，我们提出了接近有意识知觉阈值的单词。我们预计，禁食的参与者比吃饱了的参与者更有可能感知到与食物有关的蒙面单词。
The New Look approach to perception (Bruner, 1957) posits that perception is a constructive process based on several topdown factors, such as individuals’ expectations, needs, and desires. Many classical experiments from the New Look era have provided striking illustrations of the effect of motivation on perception. For example, they have revealed that poor children have a bias to overrate coin size (Bruner & Goodman, 1947) and that hungry people have a bias to overrate the brightness of pictures of food (Gilchrist & Nesberg, 1952). This line of research has not gone without criticisms (e.g., Erdelyi, 1974; McCurdy, 1956), but recent experiments have largely confirmed its validity (Aarts, Dijksterhuis, & De Vries, 2001; Balcetis & Dunning, 2006, 2010). Despite the evidence of an effect of motivation on perception, it is still unknown at which point in the perceptual process motivational influences occur. Visual perception is generally regarded as a serial process that starts with a purely perceptual stage (i.e., early vision), in which features are extracted in visual processing areas of the brain. Early vision is followed by a postperceptual, decision stage, in which the perceptual output is categorized. Top-down influences were traditionally thought to bias only the decision stage, and early vision was described as cognitively impenetrable (e.g., Pylyshyn, 1999; Riesenhuber & Poggio, 2000). However, consistent with the idea that higher-level representations can shape the perceptual stage by a tuning process that influences which features are selected for processing (Schyns, Goldstone, & Thibaut, 1998), recent studies have revealed the existence of top-down influences on perceptual processing (e.g., influences of attention—Carrasco, Ling, & Read, 2004—and conceptual category—Lupyan, Thompson-Schill, & Swingley, 2010). Here, we report a study in which we aimed to test whether motivation can also penetrate and guide early visual processing. All previous research on the effect of motivation on perception has employed clearly visible stimuli: In most of these studies, researchers simply observed how ambiguous stimuli were interpreted. In contrast, in this experiment, we monitored conscious access to masked visual stimuli. This enabled us to focus on the early perceptual encoding stage that occurs unconsciously. Inspired by the method used by Gaillard et al. (2006), we presented words close to the threshold of conscious perception. We expected that participants who had fasted (and were therefore motivated by food) would be more likely than satiated participants to perceive masked food-related words.