Stem cell therapy and the retina
Stem cell therapy and the retina
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DOI：
10.1038/sj.eye.6702842
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发表时间：
2007-10-01
期刊：
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Pearson, R. A.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
MacLaren, R. E.;Pearson, R. A.
最终导致光感受器丧失的视网膜变性是发达国家无法治愈的失明的主要原因。在这篇综述中，我们考虑了如何通过移植来取代光感受器，以及如何优化干细胞以在未来视网膜修复的临床策略中用作供体细胞。我们讨论人类和动物视网膜细胞移植模型的最新进展，重点关注干细胞和生殖克隆生物学，与视网膜移植手术的实际问题相关。干细胞和祖细胞可以从胚胎组织、成人大脑甚至视网膜等多种来源中分离出来，这促使许多研究人员研究利用这些细胞生成用于移植的光感受器的潜力。然而，在这些技术应用于临床之前，还需要克服一些障碍。迄今为止，胚胎或干细胞在移植到成人视网膜中时几乎没有表现出分化成视网膜表型的能力。然而，我们最近注意到，在光感受器前体发育阶段较晚收获的供体细胞可以成功移植并恢复视觉功能。当前的挑战是了解引导胚胎或成体干细胞向光感受器分化的发育过程，以便可以在最佳阶段移植大量这些细胞。生殖克隆技术的未来进步可能会导致从成体体细胞成功产生干细胞，从而促进在需要更换光感受器的患者中进行基因相同的细胞的自体移植。
Retinal degeneration culminating in photoreceptor loss is the leading cause of untreatable blindness in the developed world. In this review, we consider how photoreceptors might be replaced by transplantation and how stem cells might be optimised for use as donor cells in future clinical strategies for retinal repair. We discuss the current advances in human and animal models of retinal cell transplantation, focussing on stem cell and reproductive cloning biology, in relation to the practical issues of retinal transplantation surgery. Stem and progenitor cells can be isolated from a number of sources including embryonic tissue, adult brain and even the retina, prompting many researchers to investigate the potential for using these cells to generate photoreceptors for transplantation. Nevertheless, several obstacles need to be overcome before these techniques can be applied in a clinical setting. Embryonic or stem cells have so far shown little ability to differentiate into retinal phenotypes when transplanted into the adult retina. We have recently noted, however, that donor cells harvested much later, at the photoreceptor precursor developmental stage, can be transplanted successfully and restore visual function. The current challenge is to understand the developmental processes that guide embryonic or adult stem cells towards photoreceptor differentiation, so that large numbers of these cells might be transplanted at the optimal stage. Future advances in reproductive cloning technology could lead to the successful generation of stem cells from adult somatic cells, thereby facilitating auto-transplantation of genetically identical cells in patients requiring photoreceptor replacement.