A question of standards: Adapting carbon and other PES markets to work for community seagrass conservation
A question of standards: Adapting carbon and other PES markets to work for community seagrass conservation
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DOI：
10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104574
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发表时间：
2021-07
期刊：
影响因子：
3.8
通讯作者：
R. Shilland;G. Grimsditch;Mohamed Ahmed;S. Bandeira;H. Kennedy;M. Potouroglou;M. Huxham
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Shilland;G. Grimsditch;Mohamed Ahmed;S. Bandeira;H. Kennedy;M. Potouroglou;M. Huxham
海草草甸提供多种生态系统服务，对资源贫乏的沿海社区特别重要，但它们在全球范围内正在迅速减少。生态系统服务付费（PES）方法已被用于资助其他“蓝碳”生态系统（BCE）的保护，但海草仅被纳入全球一个生态系统服务付费项目。海草提供的一些生态系统服务有可能纳入生态系统服务费用支付制度框架，但目前面临的多重挑战使其难以实现，特别是在基于社区的管理下。生态系统服务付费方案通常把碳作为可交易的服务，但在当前的碳交易标准和市场条件下，海草碳的科学不确定性可能仍然是使用碳作为唯一商品的重大障碍。建议项目开发者在规划和营销海草生态系统服务付费项目时，展示海草草甸提供的多种生态系统服务，沿着其对沿海社区的重要性。此外，他们应该考虑将海草草地纳入其他蓝碳认证项目的方法。最严重依赖海草的社区的能力通常非常有限。因此，要求对碳储量和流量有高度的科学确定性，将把这些社区中的大多数排除在外。标准、购买者和决策者应考虑在自愿碳标准的技术和营销要求方面建设社区能力。自愿碳市场具有灵活性，可以率先认证海草碳，有可能导致将海草碳纳入国家自主贡献等正式政策工具。
Seagrass meadows deliver multiple ecosystem services that are of particular importance to resource-poor coastal communities, yet they are rapidly declining globally. The Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) approach has been used to fund the protection of other ‘Blue Carbon’ Ecosystems (BCE), yet seagrass has been incorporated in just one PES project worldwide. Some of the ecosystem services delivered by seagrass have the potential for inclusion under a PES framework but multiple challenges currently make this difficult, particularly under community-based management. PES programmes typically focus on carbon as the tradable service, but scientific uncertainties regarding seagrass carbon are likely to remain significant barriers to using carbon as the sole commodity under current carbon trading standards and market conditions. It is recommended here that project developers demonstrate the multiple ecosystem services delivered by seagrass meadows, along with their importance to coastal communities, in the planning and marketing of seagrass PES projects. Moreover, they should consider approaches that incorporate seagrass meadows into other blue carbon certified projects. The capacities of the communities that rely most heavily on seagrass are generally very limited. Consequently, demanding high levels of scientific certainty over carbon stocks and flows will exclude most of these communities. Standards, buyers and policy makers should consider building community capacity in the technical and marketing requirements of voluntary carbon standards. The voluntary carbon market has the flexibility to pioneer certified seagrass carbon, potentially leading to the inclusion of seagrass carbon in formal policy instruments, such as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).