Temporal dynamics of cortical sources underlying spontaneous and peripherally evoked slow waves.
Temporal dynamics of cortical sources underlying spontaneous and peripherally evoked slow waves.
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DOI：
10.1016/b978-0-444-53839-0.00013-2
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发表时间：
2011
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Tononi, Giulio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Riedner, Brady A.;Hulse, Bradley K.;Murphy, Michael J.;Ferrarelli, Fabio;Tononi, Giulio
慢波是非快速眼动（NREM）睡眠中最显著的脑电图（EEG）特征。在NREM睡眠期间，皮质神经元大约每秒在去极化向上状态（皮质神经元活跃放电时）和超极化向下状态（皮质神经元几乎沉默时）之间振荡一次。细胞内记录表明，缓慢振荡的起源是皮质和皮质-皮质连接是必要的同步。由大量神经元的近同步缓慢振荡产生的电流在头皮上表现为EEG慢波。尽管对细胞有了这样的理解，但关于特定皮层结构在个体慢波中的作用仍然存在疑问。早期对人类慢波的EEG研究受到所采用的推导数量少以及难以将头皮电位与潜在的大脑活动联系起来的限制。功能性神经成像方法提供了卓越的空间分辨率，但缺乏时间分辨率来跟踪单个慢波。患者人群中的颅内记录受限于医学上必要的电极放置的可用性，并且可能受到病理学和药物的混淆。高密度EEG记录的源建模为神经成像睡眠慢波提供了独特的机会。到目前为止，这些结果已经挑战了几个有影响力的关于慢波的地形观测，这些慢波自最初的睡眠脑电图记录以来一直存在。这些最近的分析表明，个别慢波是特异质的皮质事件，EEG慢波的负峰往往涉及不一定从头皮明显的皮质结构，如额下回，前扣带回，后扣带回和楔前叶。此外，慢波不仅传播，而且往往优先通过构成人类大脑皮层主要连接中枢的区域。在这一章中，我们将回顾有关脑电慢波的细胞，颅内记录和神经影像学结果。我们还将面对一个长期持有的信念外周诱发慢波，也被称为K复合波，即他们是模态独立的，不涉及皮层感觉通路。这里包括的分析是第一个直接比较K波群诱发的三种不同的刺激方式在同一个主题在同一个晚上使用高密度脑电图。
Slow waves are the most prominent electroencephalographic (EEG) feature of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. During NREM sleep, cortical neurons oscillate approximately once every second between a depolarized upstate, when cortical neurons are actively firing, and a hyperpolarized downstate, when cortical neurons are virtually silent. Intracellular recordings indicate that the origins of the slow oscillation are cortical and that cortico-cortical connections are necessary for their synchronization. The currents produced by the near-synchronous slow oscillation of large populations of neurons appear on the scalp as EEG slow waves. Despite this cellular understanding, questions remain about the role of specific cortical structures in individual slow waves. Early EEG studies of slow waves in humans were limited by the small number of derivations employed and by the difficulty of relating scalp potentials to underlying brain activity. Functional neuroimaging methods offer exceptional spatial resolution but lack the temporal resolution to track individual slow waves. Intracranial recordings in patient populations are limited by the availability of medically necessary electrode placements and can be confounded by pathology and medications. Source modeling of high-density EEG recordings offers a unique opportunity for neuroimaging sleep slow waves. So far, the results have challenged several of the influential topographic observations about slow waves that had persisted since the original EEG recordings of sleep. These recent analyses revealed that individual slow waves are idiosyncratic cortical events and that the negative peak of the EEG slow wave often involves cortical structures not necessarily apparent from the scalp, like the inferior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate and precuneus. In addition, not only do slow waves travel, but they often do so preferentially through the areas comprising the major connectional backbone of the human cortex. In this chapter we will review the cellular, intracranial recording and neuroimaging results concerning EEG slow waves. We will also confront a long held belief about peripherally evoked slow waves, also known as K-complexes, namely that they are modality-independent and do not involve cortical sensory pathways. The analysis included here is the first to directly compare K-complexes evoked with three different stimulation modalities within the same subject on the same night using high-density EEG.