Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced
Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced
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巴勒斯坦村庄历史：流离失所者的地理
DOI：
10.1590/s0104-71832009000200017
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发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Isabelle Humphries
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Isabelle Humphries
巴勒斯坦村庄的历史：流离失所的地理罗谢尔戴维斯斯坦福，CA。斯坦福大学出版社，2011年（xxiii + 328页，插图，地图，注释，参考书目，索引）70美元（布），24.95美元（纸）Rochelle Davis对一百多本村庄纪念书籍的仔细反思丰富了我们对被抹去的巴勒斯坦历史的理解，对于通过分析过去的表现来寻求阐明巴勒斯坦现在的研究是一个宝贵的贡献。在学术而易读的散文中，她不仅考察了人们记忆的内容，还考察了这些内容在巴勒斯坦和散居海外的土地上撰写和收集的纪念书籍中被回忆和纪念的方式。官方历史是由掌权的人制作和传播的。难民既不是以色列的胜利者，也不是一小群挣扎着的巴勒斯坦精英的一部分，他们进入知识生产中心的机会有限，他们的叙述和经历在学术和历史分析中被双重边缘化。大多数来自农村的农民阶级（fellahin），与城市的政治和教育机构很少或根本没有联系。无论他们是住在大马士革外的难民营，还是住在加利利的临时住所，对于被剥夺土地的巴勒斯坦人来说，记录历史都超出了他们的即时能力或迫切需要的范围。1948年后，瓦利德·卡利迪（Walid Khalidi）和康斯坦丁·祖拉伊克（Constantine Zurayk）等学者研究了巴勒斯坦失地的原因，以及在民族主义元叙事中可能的解决方案。然而，直到三十年后，数百个巴勒斯坦村庄被摧毁，Nafez Nazzal和Rosemary Sayigh在黎巴嫩难民营中记录的口述历史出版后，真正经历了nakba的普通人的叙述才开始在更广泛的领域得到讨论。1992年，哈利迪的《剩下的一切》提供了418个村庄存在和毁灭的详细证据，并指出了村民流亡的地方；二十年过去了，这本书仍然是学者和活动家的关键文本。随着20世纪80年代以色列档案的开放，Nur Masalha， Ilan Pappe和其他人将更多的巴勒斯坦本地化的历史和经验带入了人们的视野。与此同时，正如戴维斯的工作所显示的，在20世纪80年代早期，巴勒斯坦人开始以纪念书的形式记录他们自己的当地村庄历史。反映了世界各地难民社区更广泛的模式（巴勒斯坦作者不一定知道这一事实），巴勒斯坦的纪念书籍通常包括人口和土地统计数据，以及老照片和村民生活的轶事。这些书有时长达数百页，是私人出版的，通常需要付出巨大的个人代价。书中还包括详细的手绘地图，详细标注了村庄特征和社区设施，如泉水、水泵和林地，有时还包括家谱和个人家庭、土地和财产所有权的详细信息（这是村民之间在出版时发生摩擦的潜在原因）。有些书包括作者所知道的或口头收集的乡村民间传说。在1947年至1949年的驱逐期间，以及至今的斗争中，为抵抗英国而牺牲的烈士名单被提供，以确保当地的牺牲不会被遗忘。这些书几乎都是由男性写的，按照男性的路线再现了家谱，记录了父亲拥有的土地，值得注意的是，戴维斯直接解决了这种代表性不足的问题，强调了一些例子，说明了女性在家谱中出现的情况，或者女性在家谱中出现的情况，或者女性作为轶事和历史的来源。她还提醒读者，任何研究方法，包括口述历史，都不可能实现真正的包容性。虽然戴维斯的正式研究始于2002年，但她对这个话题的兴趣可以追溯到1990年，当时她读了比尔泽特大学（Birzeit University）一个简短但重要的系列丛书中的两本乡村书籍。…
PALESTINIAN VILLAGE HISTORIES: GEOGRAPHIES OF THE DISPLACED Rochelle Davis Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011 (xxiii + 328 pages, illustrations, maps, notes, bibliography, index) $70.00 (cloth), $24.95 (paper)Rochelle Davis's careful reflection on over a hundred village memorial books enriches our understanding of erased Palestinian histories and is an invaluable contribution to studies that seek to shed light on the Palestinian present though an analysis of representations of the past. In scholarly yet readable prose, she examines not only the content of what people remember, but also the ways in which this content is recalled and commemorated in memorial books written and collected across the lands of Palestine and the diaspora.Official histories are produced and circulated by those in positions of power. Being neither Israeli victor nor part of a small, struggling Palestinian elite with limited access to centers of knowledge production, refugees have seen their narratives and experiences doubly marginalized in academic and historical analysis. The majority came from a rural peasant class (fellahin) with little or no connection to political and educational institutions of the cities. Whether they were living in camps outside Damascus or in makeshifthomes in the Galilee, for the Palestinian dispossessed, recording history was beyond the scope of immediate capacity or urgent need.After 1948, scholars such as Walid Khalidi and Constantine Zurayk examined the causes of the loss of Palestine and possible solutions within a nationalist metanarrative. However, it was not until thirty years after the destruction of hundreds of Palestinian villages, with the publication of oral histories recorded by Nafez Nazzal and Rosemary Sayigh in the camps of Lebanon, that accounts of those from ordinary walks of life who actually experienced the nakba began to be discussed in a wider arena. In 1992, Khalidi's All That Remains presented detailed evidence of the existence and destruction of 418 individual villages and some indication of where villagers found exile; two decades on, this book continues to be a key text for scholars and activists. Following the 1980s opening of Israeli archives, Nur Masalha, Ilan Pappe, and others brought more localized Palestinian histories and experiences further into view.Meanwhile, as Davis's work shows, in the early 1980s Palestinians began to record their own localized village histories in the form of memorial books. Mirroring a wider pattern by refugee communities worldwide (a fact not necessarily known by the Palestinian authors), Palestinian memorial books typically include population and land statistics alongside old photos and anecdotes about villagers' lives. Sometimes up to hundreds of pages long, these books are published privately and often at great personal cost. Detailed hand-drawn maps with careful marking of village features and community facilities such as springs, water pumps, and woodland are included, and sometimes so are genealogies and lengthy details of individual families, land, and property ownership (a potential cause of friction between villagers upon publication). Some books include village folklore known to the author or gathered orally. Lists of martyrs-killed resisting the British, during the 1947-1949 expulsion, and in struggles to the present day-are provided to ensure that no local sacrifice is forgotten. The books are almost all written by men and reproduce genealogies following a male line and documenting land held by fathers, and it should be noted that Davis tackles this underrepresentation directly, highlighting examples of when it is inverted through books written by women or cases when women feature in genealogies or as sources of anecdotes and histories. She also reminds readers that it is impossible for any methodology, including oral history, to achieve genuine inclusivity.Although Davis's official research began in 2002, her interest in the topic dates back to 1990, when she read two village books from a short but important Birzeit University series. …