The Exploitation and Conservation of Resources by Populations of Insects
The Exploitation and Conservation of Resources by Populations of Insects
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昆虫种群对资源的开发和保护
DOI：
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发表时间：
1967
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通讯作者：
J. Monro
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
J. Monro
脊椎动物生态学家普遍认为，许多动物种群都有内在的机制，防止它们因资源短缺而变得如此庞大，从而导致种群崩溃。韦恩-爱德华兹（Wynne-Edwards，1962，1965）提出了大量的证据，其中大部分是间接的和轶事的证据，证明许多脊椎动物明显稀少的原因并不直接在于环境的影响，如天气或食物的直接短缺，而是在于社会相互作用，在明显的拥挤开始之前，这种相互作用增加了死亡率或降低了出生率。各种实验室研究（例如Strecker & Emlen 1953; Terman 1965;另见Christian & Davis 1964的综述）倾向于支持这一论点。Chitty（1960）认为，时间和对快速增长阶段存在的基因型的选择也可能导致当地种群的限制。这种自我约束机制的存在已经被令人信服地证明，只有相对少数的脊椎动物物种，在其中一些，环境变化可能会打乱的规定（戴维斯1953年）。但是，由于许多无脊椎动物，特别是害虫的数量，在不同季节和不同年份都有惊人的上升和福尔斯下降，因此自我调节的假说并不那么受无脊椎动物生态学研究者的欢迎。对赤拟谷盗的实验室研究（Brereton 1962）表明，该物种存在自我约束机制，惠灵顿（1964）提供的证据表明，尽管环境仍然有利，但在天幕毛虫中，由于更活跃和哈代个体的差异迁移，当地种群的遗传退化可以解释当地种群的限制。本文件支持的想法，内在的调节机制的性质和重要性可能取决于动物种群的大小能够影响数量有限的资源提供给后代的程度。其他工人的一些帐户从这个角度进行了检查，并提出了新的工作模式的重要性，人口分散在使用和保存的食物由两个对比的物种，Dacus tryoni Frogg。（双翅目，锥虫科）和Cactoblastis cactorum贝格。（鳞翅目，水螅科）。
The idea that many animal populations have intrinsic mechanisms which prevent them from becoming so large as to induce population crashes through shortage of resources is widespread among vertebrate ecologists. Wynne-Edwards (1962, 1965) has presented a large volume of evidence, much of it circumstantial and anecdotal, that the explanation of the apparent rarity of many vertebrates lies not directly in environmental influences such as weather or immediate shortage of food but in social interactions which increase the death-rate or decrease the birth-rate before obvious crowding sets in. Various laboratory studies (e.g. Strecker & Emlen 1953; Terman 1965; see also a review by Christian & Davis 1964) have tended to support this contention. Chitty (1960) suggested that time and selection against genotypes present in the phase of rapid increase could also lead to the limitation of local populations. The existence of such self-restraining mechanisms has been convincingly demonstrated for only a relatively small number of vertebrate species and, in some of these, environmental changes may upset the regulation (Davis 1953). But, because populations of many invertebrates, particularly pest-insects, undergo spectacular rises and falls from season to season and year to year, hypotheses of selfregulation have not been so popular with students of invertebrate ecology. A laboratory study of Tribolium (Brereton 1962) suggests that a self-restraining mechanism exists in this species, and Wellington (1964) has given evidence that in Malacosoma genetic deterioration of local populations through differential emigration of the more active and hardy individuals can account for limitation of local populations even though the environment remains favourable. The present paper supports the idea that the nature and importance of intrinsic regulatory mechanisms may depend on the degree to which the size of an animal population is capable of influencing the quantity of limiting resources available to later generations. A number of accounts by other workers are examined from this point of view and new work is presented on the importance of the pattern of population-dispersion in the use and conservation of food by two contrasted species, Dacus tryoni Frogg. (Diptera, Trypetidae) and Cactoblastis cactorum Berg. (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae).